TS-2068 Up-date

JULY 1989"
14g; ¢.

‘The TS-2068 Workhorse
~best 8 bit Computer ever made!

The Sinclair 288
=revolutionary Lap~Top Computer!

The Sinclair QL
~a 32 bit CPU Powerhouse!

UPDATE Magazine
1317 Stratford Ave.
Panama City, EL 32404

News anp New Prooucrs

"hig is the first "USER GROUP DIGEST” page. UP-DATE invites each Timex-Sinclatt User Gcoup
to send ina one page natrative about their organization. CATS is tle firet ard it should serve
G2 a guide. So come on you Club Secretaries, tell us about yourselé.

‘TIMEX-SINCLAIR USER GROUP DIGEST

C.A.T.S. The Capital Area Timex Sinclair User Group

We are the Capital Area Timex Sinclair (CATS) Users Group -
located in the nation’s capital, Washington, DC. We are a
not-for-profit organization and have been around since there were
ads in Popular Science for ZX-81 kits. We have about 90 members ~
about a third of them are active users of TS=2068’s and more than
half have TS-2068's. Most of our members are from the the local
area but. we have dedicated members who come from as far away as
Wilmington, DE and Harrisburg, PA to attend our meetings. We meet
on the second Saturday of every month in the New Carrolton Public
Library, New Carrollton, MD just inside the Capital Beltway
(I-95). We usually have hardware sessions covering repairs and
modifications starting at 11 a.m. and then the general meeting at
2 p.m. Each meeting usually has a specific topic or theme.

We provide many services to our members for annual dues of $18.
Some of these are:

a Monthly 12-page newsletter (available also to
non-members for a $12 annual subscription)

. Group library of software (2X's and TS~2068's)
available at a nominal fee (i.e., the cost of the tape)

. Group buys of hardware and software to get volume
discounts (e-ge, TS-2068 SCLD‘’s, non-volatile RAM
boards, disk controllers, disk drives and cases, printer
interfaces)

. Hardware sessions with expert technical guidance where
we repair or modify hardware, and build items that come
in kit format

. Software sessions as part of our general meetings where
people present software that the have developed or used.

In addition, we have many members who still actively use their
ZX's and TS-1000's In addition, we have a growing number of QL
users and even a few Z-88 users. We actively try to represent the
entire spectrum (pardon the pun) of Timex and Sinclair users.

Our Executive Board is comprised of:

President Tom Bent 7
1st Vice President Hank Dickson
2nd Vice President George Rey
Secretary ' Mike Warmick
Treasurer Ruth Fegley
Members-at-Large

Bill Barnhart

Bob Curnutt
2 Mark Fisher
Newsletter editor Vernon Smith

For more information or a sample of our newsletter, please feel
free to contact Vernon Smith at (703) 978-1835, or c/o CATS, P.O.
Box 467, Fairfax Station, VA 22039. If reading this has made you,
want to join up without waiting another minute, send your name and
address along with a check for $18 ($12 for newsletter
subscription only) made payable to "CATS" to the above address.

2.

The Last Issue of your Subscription
Do you want another Year?

UP-DATE began last October with 40 subscribers
and it has been a tough climb to the present 220.
A few subscriptions are still trickling in. ‘The
number of TS-2068 users is very small, smaller than
most realize. analysis by UP-DATE leads to the
conclusion that there are fewer than 800 active
users of the TS-2068. Further, it seems that there
are fewer than 500 "serious" TS-2068 users who have
already, or who are interested in developing their
TS-2068 beyond its original configuration. In
order to assure publication support for such a small
geoup there must bea feeling of "family" and the
family must be mutually supportive. I believe that
UP-DATE has been successful in promoting the TS~2068
family concept. Several outstanding writers and
programmers have joined in to share their knowledge
out of their desires to help.

The TS-2068 family of users need continuing
publication support. | UP-DATE will continue to
provide the support IF there are sufficient numbers
who want to subscribe to a Quarterly magazine of
this size. There is one business factor which is
missing in a publication about ORPHAN computers.
The missing factor is ADVERTISING, which all profit
motovated publications depend upon. Ordinarily a
magazine that has the article content of UP-DATE
would have about 100 pages and about 60 pages would
be advertising. The publisher would be making
enough to send the kids to Harvard or Oxford.
Without such advertising income, which really isn't
possible to achieve by a TS publication, the
subscriptions must pay the costs. This is true for
all of our TS-2068 and QL publications,

The real reason for the decision to "hang on”
is the attitude of the subscribers to UP-DATE as
expressed in mail received and numerous phone calls.
All have been full of encouragement and want UP-DATE
to continue. Most who are not owners of the
Sinclair Ql are tolerant of the idea of sharing
UP-DATE with the QL user group, just so long as the
coverage of the TS-2068 is not diminished. The
subscribers who are QL owners are delighted. Ina
way, the lack of advertising is a PLUS for the
subscribers, because UP-DATE can be (and is)
completely dedicated to the interests of the
subscribers and not influenced by a syndrome of
catering to the paying advertisers. Never the less,
UP-DATE and the other 2X-TS publications are hanging
on by their teeth and their survival is tenuous,
completely dependant upon a high renewal of
subscriptions.

So, here is the plan and the pramise. UPDATE
will hang in there and begin another year of issues
while asking for subscription renewals. The article
content of UP-DATE will be at least 30 pages of
TS-2068 specific coverage. The Sinclair QL and the
Z88 will be covered in extra pages and the magazine
will grow with the QL and 288 coverage. The October
issue will start the next year. ‘The future of
UP-DATE depends upon most of the present subscribers
xenewing subscriptions. If there is an insufficient
number of renewals, then you will get your October
issue along with a 3/4 refund, and your editor will
begin to devote more time to other hobbies. UP-DATE
cannot start over at the half way point to try to
build to the present level. Judging fron the
attitudes of the subscribers, such a back step will
not occur.

The subscription goal of UP-DATE has not quite
met expectation. But with the present FULL SUPPORT
of the three current Disk Systems, more Larken DOS
and Aerco FD-68 DOS users should be joining the
UP-DATE family when the word gets around that these
disk systems ARE supported. This July issue should
go a long way toward proving that point. A lot of
money has been spent to gain a fully capable TS-2068
Lab, including all current DOS systems and all disk
formats. This full capability allows full service
to the subscribers. A similiar well equipped
Sinclair QL Lab is in operation. The programs and
utilities given in UP-DATE are all fully tested
before publishing, right here at the UP-DATE Lab.
From now on the programs and utilities will be given
in three DOS formats, Oliger DOS, Larken DOS, and
Aerco FD-68 DOS (when pratical).

Whilé the sales of new disk drive controllers
have peaked, there are still a number of users who
want to upgrade to disk capability. We will
continue to seek more TS-2068 user subscribers who
want to "take it to the limit". As UPDATE phases
into supporting the Sinclair @, we will seea
repeat of the past, where most programs presented
will have "dual application". Although the TS-2068
and the OL are different computers, most programs
that operate in one can be changed in syntax to
operate in the other. This will provide some fresh
new conversion programming for both computer users.
We TS-2068 users need such an infusion of new
programming, and most of our good programs can be
carried into the QL, maybe expanded. So, let us
join forces with the QL users and keep on truckin,
but faster.

A few personal notes: As I get deeper into the
operation of the three active Disk systems for the
TS-2068 I am struck with the enoromous capability.
I guess that for the money spent on the TS-2068 I
could be operating a fully exanded IBM AT system
with two floppies and a 60 Mega byte hard drive. I
have operated the excellent IBM computers at the
College. The concept of that system is different.
Everything is planned for you. Software is rigidly
constructed for a specific range of functions, copy
protected, and everything is costly. There is not
the flexibility that one has with a fully developed
TS-2068. I am finding that this comparison is also
true when comparing the IBM and the Sinclair Q.
One has more flexibility with our computers and much
less expense of operation. And the overall
capability is not much different.

This JULY UPDATE Issue- New Programs and New
Utilities

Putting this issue together involved taking the
BUDGET program (by Bob Mitchell) and doinga
rewrite of the supporting BUDGET.B1 loader and
constructing the Disk Menus for Oliger DOS and FD-68
DOS. Then each DOS version had to be extensively
tested. Then the same process was required for the
other programs given. During this process some new
utilities were developed and will be given.
Deficiencies were discovered in the Aerco printer
driver code, which many use with TS-2068 printing
software. I will give you the procedures that I
used to work around these built in glitches. Then
next issue we will go further into PRINTER CODES and
how to do a better job with them. Jack Dohany's
early "RALOADER" program was used to work ina
relocatable code table. T suspect that Jack has
some up-dates to the Aerco Printer handler code and

4, Will see if we can bring them to you.

INIT: This is a utility program to quickly get
a printer port code loaded, initialized and ready to
print with a Centronics printer. Given are two INIT
utilities for using the Aerco Printer Port code with
the Aerco FD-68, and with the Larken LKDOS. Another
INIT is given for setting up the OLIGER printer
driver that is contained in the SAFE EPROM. Many
Larken LXDOS users use the Aerco preode and its set
up is kinda tricky. This preode is the one on
cassette as supplied with the Aerco Centronics
interface. The INIT utility for the AERCO FD-68 is
reloactable (to a starting address of your choice).

Perhaps in a future issue a similiar utility
for the Oliger proode that accompanies the Oliger
Centronics interface can be presented. Mr. Oliger's
driver code requires much less RAN and is error
free, while the Aerco prcode has a "first LPRINI"
glitch that is difficult to work around. Also the
Aerco Proode lacks support of TAB and printer status
check. Incidentally, the Aerco and Oliger codes
work equally as well with either centronics
interface. I will ask Mr. Oliger to let us use his
preode, as it is much better. The Oliger Disk users
do not have to worry with loading a proade as the
SAFE EPROM contains the code and is initialized with
<LET /p=0>.

Help with the Aerco FD-68

A problem exists in using the Aerco FD-68 Dos,
Since there is mo Character Array SAVE LOAD, the
data files must be either CODE files or a complete
Variable file save load. When a vars file is loaded
the existing basic program vars are replaced. This
means that I could not do what I'm now doing; ie, I
could not SAVE several data files as VARS files, and
re-load them sequentially to print a continuous
document. This is because the printing variables
(line length, print style, etc) would be wiped out
with the LOAD of a vars file. The INIT utility for
the Aerco FD-68 takes care of this by providing 67
extra bytes of code ABOVE the 800 byte proode, for
storage of variables. So, the solution is to "hide
the essential vars" above the prcode before loading
in a new vars data file for printing.

A small counter from 1 to 67, using a READ DATA
within the counter can be used to stash these vars
before a vars file is booted in. The DATA line can
contain the letter designations of the essential
vars to be preserved. Then AFTER the new Vars file
(a data file) has been loaded, the essential vars
(numbers) can be PEEKed out and re-assigned to the
essential vars. Then the basic program can resume
with identical printing and set-up variables. This
is the way the Aerco FD-68 version of Smart Text
conducts automatic printing of multiple data files
booted in fron disk. This requires the variables to
be poked to the (appended) proode just before the
new data file (a vars file) is loaded.

A Code File Printer

MS-TAS: I donate this new utility to Public
Domain. MS~TAS is a utility to peek and print out
Mscript and Tasword CODE files "without need to have
either of the softwares" loaded. Some of us do not
use either Mscript or Tasword, but receive data
files saved with these two popular word processors.
I got tired of wondering "what the heck's in thar"
and MS-TAS is the result. It CATs the disk
directory, prompts to input a code file name, then
LOADS the code and begins printing with a Centronics
printer. | All you need to input is printing line
length, the STARTING code address and the BYTE

LENGTH of the code. For Aerco and Larken DOS, the
printer code is also booted in and initialized.

Using STR$ to Modify Disk Program Titles

Here's a little quib for Disk Users: The
senario is, several data files have been saved with
a name followed by a number, as SAVE /“page 1"DATA
hS$() through “page 30". Now Smart Text can print
all 30 of these file in one continuous document
without pausing for breath. BUI, the titles are not
accepted. ST wants just numbers as titles for auto
printing from disk. This little quib will fix
things. << FOR n=1 TO 30: RESTORE /"page "+ SIRS
nDATA $ TO STR$ n: NEXT n >>. CAT the directory and
the 30 "page num" £iles have been changed to just
nunbers 1 - 30 for printing. Hope I didn't lose you
with that. All we did was to re-name 30 files in
disk within about 30 seconds. A numeric variable,
such as n,. is added to a literal “string of
characters" by using STR$ n.

Similiar concats of disk titles for SAVE LOAD
RESTORE ERASE CAT MOVE are practical. Saya
variable ‘n” needs to be appended to a title "page"
to SAVE with LARKEN DOS. << LET a$="page "+ SIRS
n+".a$": PRINT #4: SAVE a$ >> ort to do it. Here's
an easier one for Aerco FD-68 to save PROGRAMS under
a "program number" instead of a SAVE OVER. The
title is "mscript" and the auto RUN line is 10.
Your save line would ber << OUT 244,12 MOVE
"mscript.bas",10 >>. We start with a variable like
<<LET ss=l>> then change the SAVE line to: << OUT
244,1: LET a$="""mscript "+ SIRS ss#".bas""": MOVE
was",10: LET ss=sstl >>. The first save is "mscript
l.bas". ‘The next save will be "mscript 2.bas". To
get to be frienis with SIRS, do this: <LET a=l>
<PRINT STR$ a>. <LET b$="test"> <LET c$=b$+" "+
STR a> <PRINI 6S>. See? SIRS is pretty friendly
after all! ’

A Print Wheel Problem

‘The print character style of the previous issue
looked pretty good to me, until a subscriber called
about having trouble deciphering listings. The
problem is one of discerning whether a character is
a "i", a "1" (el), or a "1" (one). This has always
been a problem with type and some typewriters use
the. literal "1" (el) for the number "1" (one). I
looked around town and found a print wheel that
seems to give better identification of the "i"
(eye), but alas, the letter "1" (el) and the number
bk ind (one) looks the same. can you tell the
difference- 111111? I'll try to solve this ident
problen by using upper case "L" in listings, while
looking for a print wheel that has better
characters.

A TOS (Zebra) Disk Newsletter

TOS DISK (Zebra FDD):
newsletter “FDD EXPRESS" done by Mr. Ron Havlen,
4307 Chambers Road, Horseheads, NY 14845. FDD
Express represents a resumption of the (defunct)
‘TOPS Newsletter. Ron is a subscriber to UPDATE and
IT invited him to contribute regular articles in

UPDATE receives a nice

support of the TOS DISK. Instead, Ron gave
permission to re-print anything found in his
newsletter. I will print excerpts of FDD EXPRESS

from time to time. This issue givesone sample two
page isue for TOS disk users to evaluate. Ron
pranises to get heavy into CP/M and some of that
should be interesting to the Aerco FD-68 users. In
the meantime, those who have the Zebra FDD (TOS)
disk really should have this newsletter. (Look in

5

the Orphan Disk section)
A Save Nothing File

"Cclear"CODE: Did you know that once a CODE
program has been loaded, the durn thing cannot be
gotten rid of? CLEAR only clears the vars. NEW and
the code is still stuck in thar. Set RAM TOP again,
and the code is still there. You may not want to
lose your Basic program by OFF or RANDOMIZE USR 0,
just to clear the code out. There is a easy way to
do this, so easy that its one o them “Why dint I
thunk of it befores". Turn ON the computer and SAVE
"Cclear"CODE 30000,5535. Thats a SAVE of 35535
bytes of "zeroes". Later when you want to clear out
a code program, just LOAD "Cclear"CODE. You can
make several Cclear saves to clear out smller
segments of memory. SAVE "Cclear2"CODE 65368, 167
will clear just the UDG area (when reloaded).

Check the VARS Area - _

"VARS DIS" is a utility to MERGE to any Basic
program to give you a disassembly of the entire VARS
area. Two additional bits of often needed
information are presented, system variable VARS (the
starting address of the vars area) and ELINE (top
byte of vars+1). Then to get P-RAMT (the last byte
of the BASIC PROGRAM), just substract 1 fron the
given "VARS" address. But both VARS and P-RAMT will
be moved UPWARD by the exact byte length of the
utility VARS_DIS, when the utility is merged.
Admitedly, this one dont set the barn on fire, but I
needed it once er it wont a been hatched. And, it
mought jest turn you on to doin more peekin and
pokin, which is the way to learn it durn it.

A BREAK THROUGH DOS for the TS~2068
Take DOS to The LIMIT - with MAX DOS

"MAX DOS": Now I've saved these last two to
the last. A BREAK THROUGH in DISK CAPABILITY, and
indeed it is, is the STACKING of the two most
versatile disk operating systems, Oliger DOS ani
Larken DOS. I'm gonna coin a name for it because
UP-DATE made the discovery. How bout "MAX DOS",
which sez mor'n IBM's "MS DOS", Theirs sounds like
a “mess" whil'st our'n sounds like the mostest.
Gotta get a leg’ up, right? Well, I'll declare,
swear, affirm, bet, and guarantee that this "MAX
DOS" is the best disk operating system that has come
down the pike for ANY personal computer! "TWO WELL
DESIGNED DISK SYSTEMS THAT OPERATE TOGETHER AS
ONE"! ! AND NEITHER TAKES UP ANY OF THE TS-2068
RAMI! I dont want to take the thunder out of my own
article, so will just call your attention to it.

EXTRA MEMORY

EXIRA MEMORY: Gobs of it! A TS-2068 that has
twenty times the maximum capacity of a IBM XI! Do
pictures and proof schematics lie? an interesting
article by Mr. Charles Bothner sets the tecmical
basis for our cottage industry to provide more
memory expansion hardware.

Did you modify the TS-1000 as per the January
UP-DATE (Dock Bank Memory for 20 cents)? Well, T
did and the durn thing didn't work right. So, IT
sent the board to Jom Oliger with a limit placed on
repair cost. It came back and now it works ($15.00
repair cost). Seems that one little detail was left
out of the modification instructions. Gotta remove
a feed through on the board. Now the "twin 32K dock

~//(Save

bank Ram" sits in expansion port most of the
time, ready to take basic programs and utilities for
instant — operation. There is a "kind of”
multitasking capability here, where a dock bank
utility can generate data in the vars area to be
used with a basic program in the home bank. I think
that I'll try adding a battery to it to make it
non-volatile memory so that when the computer is
turned OFF, the data will remain. If successful
I'll tell you about it.

The New Oliger V2-52 EPROM

I recently received the latest Oliger DOS
EPROM, which includes some real fine additions.
Included now are the functions ERASE / (file name),
RESICRE / (old file name to new file name), RESTORE
/new disk name", —- RESTORE /(used alone to
re-initialize to default parameters), VERIFY /(file
name) to check the file for errors, COPY/ copies
screen to printer, MERGE /(program name), SAVE
without warning that file “name may be
present). Of particular note is that the ERASE/
function "completely re-organizes the disk contents
and recovers the disk space from an ERASED file".

The new SAFE CATALOG has new data that I find
to be very valuable. The starting line of each
Basic program is given, and for CODE files the
starting address and byte length are given. Also,
the finished SAFE manual is now available. This (I

believe) is the final coup de ma tre of the Oliger
SAFE DOS. Any further EPROM versions will be for
corrections (if un-forseen problems are found). A

CAT of the directory of the April Issue disk is
given with the new V2-52 format. It serves two
purposes, to show the nice catalog, and to show the
contents of the April issue disk. (The April Issue
Disk has the same programs for Larken DOS and Aerco
FD-68 DOS). *

JLO SAFE V2.52 1988, J, Oliger

DISK NAME: APRIL UPDATE
FORMATTED @40 TRACKS, 0 STDE(S)
CAPACITY: 79 CYLS/395K BYTES
FREE: 11 CYLS/55K BYTES

rrumwwe vee ons sreSeaee A

2
LoAD Basic 1 87 10
RUDGET.B1 BASIC 1 986 60
Yenu.Bi BASIC 1 702 10
INIT-B1 BASIC 1 583 9980
budget.) BYIES 6 25923 32000
spcead.G3 BYTES 1 3904 58400
buiget.BJ BASIC 5 24554 10
spcead.BJ BASIC 1 2855 8000
BRIEF.B1 BASIC 2 5445
MS-TAS.B1 BASIC 1 924 8000
ul BASIC 1 487
PEEK VARS BASIC 1 195
budget.cY BYTES 6 25923 32000
SEARCH BASIC 1 49781
FILE DEX BASIC 1 1163 1
MARK-MOVE BASIC 1 2092 1
VERL_DISK BASIC 1 855 1
Chopin BASIC 2 7584 220
Btls BASIC 3 1478) 9900
Mert BasIc 2 7674
spell BASIC 2 7411 100
Ofm's Law BASIC 1 1257 100
Multiply BASIC 2 6038 10
‘Type Style BASIC 1 2055 4608
Piano BASIC 1 4747 10
budgetD BYTES 1 652 64716
bujE.cl_ BYTES 4 17642 47047
bujsb.ct BYTES 2 8320 33280
bujs.C BYTES 1 2048 33280
heip.cT BYTES 1 3968 33200
bujd3.Cr BYTES 3 11200 33280
bujyx.cT BYTES 1 2944 33280
OLI-MS—TAS BASIC 1 1512 "8990
OLE CODE BASIC 1 1841
prod BYTES 1 256 23296
Celear BYTES 2 5367 60000

6 Super MS-T BASIC 1 3060 9972

‘TOTAL FILES: 39

LETTERS

Dear Bill, Please send the Jan 88 disk.
Check inclosed. How about asking the readers if
anyone can help me out with schematics or other
info concerning the TS-1000 "BASICARE" modules
that I have.

The units are: a connecting module, a 64K
RAM, two 16K RAMs, a DROM expandable to 8K, and
a printer interface. These should be much less
expensive to convert to TS-2068 than to buy new
ones.

Ray Norton, PO Box 331, Bonner Springs, KS
66012-0331

Ray, this reply wont be in specific detail
but may help. Someone out there may have
schematics but I doubt that the maker released
their tech = data. YES! You can make
modifications to any TS-1000 memory device to
use with the TS-2068, and it is worth the effort
to try. Generally, the memory chips of that era
were 2 and 8K chips. Tt would not be cost
effective to replace these old chips, but if
they are still good, then the 64K RAM board
would be worth salvaging.

The BASICARE system is the neatest
expansion package that I have ever seen for any
computer. It consists of several "stackable"
modules. As each module stacked on top of the
one below, the I/O buss of each mated. The
first module which connects to the computer is
named "Persona" and is a I/O Buffer for the Z-80
CPU buss lines. | Since all of the TS-1000 1/0
buss lines are "pin compatable" with the
TS-2068, the Persona" unit should work almost AS
IS with the 2068. One more TS-2068 buss trace
(MREQ) should be brought into the Persona unit
as is shown in the diagram given in this issue
about the Oliger 64K Ram. This MRH) line should
be furnished to(N64K Ram that you modify. The
rationale given in the January UPDATE article
about modifying the Oli RAM should be followed.

Generally, the ICs used and the method for
coding for memory addressing during the TS-1000
era was fairly standard, and it is likely that
the 64K Ram that you have will have almost
identical coding chips to those in the Oliger

RAM. If not, then you will need to obtain data
sheets for the chips used (Jamesco Electronics
is a good source). Or call me and I'll likely
have the data sheets that you need. The memory
o£ the TS-1000 modules must be re-coded to the
TS-2068 memory map.

I£ I were you I would set aside the modules
that contain the printer interface and the DROM.
The task of making these useful for the 2068
involves re-design of the circuits for another
purpose. Instead, the more productive approach
would be to re-code the 64K Ram for two 32K dock
banks as per the Oliger Ram conversion. Then
later, as the project develops, you may want to
re-design these boards for another purpose.

The Basicare system offered two branches of
modules for using one 64K RAM or (up to) 16 64K
modules. The "second" stacked module, which
could be left out, is named "Minimap". This
module provided addressing for 16 "pages" of 64K
RAM Modules, for a total of one mega byte of
RAM. If you have this unit, and more RAM
modules, then a study of Mr. Bothner's article
in this issue could provide guidance for
modification of your "minimap" module. Notice
that Mr. Bothner starts his project with a I/O
Buss BUFFER board built upon a Zebra Proto
board. You already have 99% of that unit in
your "Persona" module. Believe me, a I/O buffer
is one BIG project to build. About half way
through it takes on the appearance of a "Afro
head".

So, you really have two options. You can
make your Basicare modules into "Switchable Dock
Bank RAM" as we do with the Oliger Ram
modification. Or, you can follow the lead given
by Mr. Bothner to make a more elaborate system.
UPDATE will present a follow on article that
gives Mr. Bothner's corrected TS-2068 PROM. But
as shown in his article, he already has several
64K banks in operation. Also note in his
article that a auxillary power supply is a part
of his system. Basicare also had a auxillary
power supply module that was needed as more 64K
Rams were stacked.

‘The advantage that you start with is having
neatly packaged modules which can be modified to
become a TS-2068 system, I can visualize them
pretty silver modules stacked behind the TS-2068

providing a substantial increase in memory
capacity. Go fer it!
QUIG Non-exclusive Statements
You may not always want parentheti-
2 cal statements in a variable re-valuation,
nd € to be mutually exclusive.
spac Consider a game where a player re~
eu ceives 10 points for hitting at least ten

targets, and a bonus of 20 points for hit-
ting exactly ten targets.
LET SCORE=SCORE+
(40 AND H>9)+
(20 AND H=10)
When H is ten, both expressions are
8 coiad SCORE is incremented by 30.

*e* MAX DOS ***
A Study of DUAL DOS in the TS-2068

For several weeks UPDATE has been testing TWO
SIMULTANEOUS Disk operating systems in the TS-2068.
This is the Oliger SAFE DOS and the Larken DOS. The
hardware hook-up is the FULL "two board" Oliger
system and the Larken LKDOS cartridge in the Dock
Port. Extensive operation with the combination has
revealed an almost complete compatability between
the two systems. The only incompatabilities are
minor and will be discussed. For the the test two
disk drives were used, but a single drive could have
been used as well. Drive zero had a disk formatted
as a Larken Disk, and drive 1 had a disk formatted
as a Oliger disk.

In the beginning the Oliger V2-40 EPROM was
being used. Actually the instructions provided with
the Larken-LKDOS cartridge calls for the removal of
the Oliger "board A" which contains the SAFE EPROM.
But I'm adventurous and I decided to keep both
Oliger boards in and see what would happen. The
system seemed to work O.K. Both the Oliger Dos and
the Larken DOS operated normally. After about a
week of operation I kinda got used to having DOUBLE
the amount of EXIRA BASIC functions. All of the
Oliger functions worked and so did all of the Larken
functions. AND, it did not make any difference
which DISK was used for actual SAVE and LOAD. In
fact, ALL of the SYNTAX structure for BOTH systems
can be used in program lines, or can be used in the
direct mode. We will explore this a bit.

Oliger SAFE commands use the slant bar "/" as 2
designator. Example: "SAVE/ "title". The Larken
commands use <FRINI# 4: SAVE "Title.Bl">. The disk
in use is selected by <LET/d=0> or <PRINT$ 4: GO TO
b. Now suppose a program line were: <100
SAVE/"Eile 1"DATA a$(): PRINT #4: SAVE "file
.aS"DATA $()>. The TS-2068 accepts the syntax and
the line enters OK. When the line executes, the
first command results in the disk "automatically
switching" to the Oliger disk and the data file is
SAVED to the Oliger disk. Next, the Larken syntax
results in an automatic switch to the Larken disk,
and a SAVE of the same data file to the Larken disk.
Both systems "remember" its own disk as elected by
<LET/d=> for Oliger, and <PRINT#4:G0 TO> for Larken,

Likewise, all other disk commands and all Extra
Basic commands operate exactly as they would
normally. The nice part is that all of these
functions are additive, and operational as ONE BIG
DOS. The Oliger FAST FOR counter works with LARKEN
programs. ‘The Larken Window functions work with a
Oliger program. In fact, a program loses its
idenity as a Oliger program or a Larken program. Tt
can be saved or loaded in either disk format, One
can coose which simply by using one DOS SAVE or LOAD

command, or the other. Now, if T receive a disk
from someone, I can load it if it is in either
format. me can operate entirely with one disk

format if he chooses, AND use All of the extra basic
functions of BOTH Larken and Oliger systems. But
there are strong advantages of using two disk
formats.

Each of the two systems commands the Disk Drive
theough the Western Digital controller chip. There
are certain Files Management functions which are
more versatile when using the Oliger format, and
others that give more capability when using the

_ Oliger__systems.

UPDATE July 1988
Articles & Reviews

Larken Format. So the use of two diskettes does
provide more options of disk files management. In
effect, "MAX DOS" is controlling double the amount
of disk storage- two diskettes under automatic
-controll. Now "MAX DOS" is my own coinage. I
wanted something that would denote a BIG Disk
Operating System, as opposed to "a choice of one or
the other". Besides, I always like to twit the IBM
users. Their "MS DOS" sounds like a "mess", while
"MAX DOS" sounds like the "mostest".

Compatability with Existing Hardware: Both
Oliger OS and Larken DOS are compatable with the
Spectrum ROM Switch. Both are compatable with the
Zebra OS-64, but the LRDOS Cartridge takes up the
Dock Port. The Larken literature discribes an
additional IC that can be pigay~backed to accept
either the OS-64 EPROM or the Spectrum ROM IC.
UPDATE fas not tested this modification. The SPDOS
software on-Disk is compatable with both Larken. and
The loading of SPDOS would give a
third FORMAT and enable the use of RAMEX disk
prograns.

COMPATABILITY of EPROMS: UP-DATE received the
new Oliger V2-52 EPROM and the system crashed when
the LK cartridge was installed. A call was made to
John Oliger who seemed confident that the conflict
was caused by “two different brands" of EPROM used
by the two systems. Apparantly the EPROM that has
the "penthouse" on top cannot be used with the
Larken Cartridge. I sent an old "flat top" EPROM to
Jom for reprogramming. When it was returned, the
compatability was restored. Since then, all of this
magazine issue pages have been prepared and printed
with BOTH Dos systems installed. Me
non-compatability exists. | Both Larken and Oliger
systems have NMI functions. These functions clash
and the NMI button cannot be used. To date, this is
the only conflict found.

Conclusions: MAX DOS is a reliable combination
of two very capable disk operating systems, and two
excellent Tool Kit extensions of the Basic lanquage.
This combination operates as if the two systems had
been’ designed as one large system. The tool kit
extensions are not just Basic Commands, but are
groups of functional routines. MAX DOS provides as
many disk management functions as any DOS used by
any computer. The extra tool kit functions greatly
extends the job tasks that the computer can perform.
These new Functions are many and are unique. No
other computer has them in their repertoire of
functions. Some of the notable attributes of MAX
DOS are listed below. Then a_ sample bit of
programming will be given to conclude the report.

1, Disks prepared by either Larken DOs or
Oliger DOS can be read by MAX DOS.

2. Disks may be prepared for use by others who
have single Larken DOS or Oliger DOS.

3. The plethora of Extra Basic Tool Kit
functions of Oliger DOS and Larken DOS are combined.

4, The Larken and Oliger Command Syntax for
both Disk operation and Tool Kit Basic may be mixed
in programming.

5. The system exercises direct conrol of two
disk drives simultaneously. Switching is automatic.

9 6. The system makes use of the excellent Oliger

printer driver in EPROM. No need to load another

printer driver.

7. No RAM memory is used by either Oliger or
Larken DOS, thus MAX DOS does not use any RAM.

8. The TS-2040 printer is directly supported,
simultaneously with a Centronics printer, or
separately.

9. Direct low res Screen Copy is available by
simple conmand.

10. No conflict with Spectrum ROM, or any Extra
Memory device.

9000 BORDER 1: PAPER 1: INK 7: C
~~ LS : LET /p=o: RANDOMIZE USR 100
: OPEN #4,"dd"

9030 PRINT AT 10,0;"Instal1 Form
atted disks in:"''"Oliger Formt
in Drive 0"''"Larken Format in
Drive 1"'''"Enter When Ready": P

AUSE 0: CLS

9040 PRINT AT 10,0;"SELECT:"*'"<
1> To Move Screens TO LARKEN DIS

K""'"£2> To Move Screens TO OLIG
ER DISK": INPUT b: IF b<1 OR b>2
THEN GO TO 9040

9050 PRINT AT 10,0;"Which way to
Move?"''"<1> Qliger to Larken"'
'"<2> Larken to Oliger": INPUT c
: IF c<l OR c>2 THEN GO TO 9050
9060 CLS : PRINT AT 10,0; "Instal
1 Disk in Drives"''"Then ENTER":
PAUSE 0: CLS

9070 INPUT “Nunber of Screen fil
es to move? ";m

9080 FOR n=1 TO m

9085 IF b=] THEN LET /d=

CAD /a$SCREENS +
: PRINT #4: GO TO l: PRINT #4: S
AVE aSSCREEN$ : NEXT n

9090 IF b=2 THEN PRINT #4: GO TO
1: PRINT #4: CAT "",: INPUT "Sc
reen file Name?";a$: PRINT #4: L
OAD a$SCREENS : LET /d=0: SAVE /
aSSCREEN$ : NEXT n

9100 STOP

UPDATE July 1988
Articles & Reviews
CIM MAGAZINE QUITS

Chet Lambert, owner publisher of CIM Magazine,
announced in the June issue of CIM that he is
quitting publishing CTM magazine. I regret that CIM
is finished and wish Chet and Tina well in whatever
they decide to do. CIM was oriented toward the
support of Amateur Radio Operators and has
contributed eminently to the furtherance of PACKET
Telecomunications. Chet really tried to develop
support for the Timex-Sinclair users, by fulfilling
the remaining subscrition obligations of TS Horizons
when it quit publishing. Many TSU subscribers did
not realize that Chet did this FREE.

A Monthly magazine requires a steady volume of
industry advertising to support costs. The lack of
advertising support from Amateur Radio suppliers
reveals a steadily declining market for Amateur
equipment. Being a licensed Amateur Radio tor,
I can express my belief that the decline in the
market is caused by our-own-ARRL, which pursues a
dielard policy designed to limit the licensing of
new General Class operators and thus avoid growth.
The result is an aging "old fogy club" wanting to
guard their ranks and unwilling to up-date with
modern equipment.

Telecomunications with RADIO and COMPUTERS will
be the break through in the 1990's. Chet had a
vision of this with PACKET. Unfortunately the
doddering old fogy ARRL wants to keep on keying away
nonsense with Morse Code and twenty year old Comm
gear. The result is a stagnated radio industry and
a lack of opportunity for a fresh new magazine like
CIM to survive. So, Computerists must take up the
challange and develop Telecomunications. I kinda
got carried away, excuse me. Good Luck Chet and
Tina! Stop by when you're down this way and I'll
take you sailing.

Did you know:

‘that data is moved to / from cassette at a rate of about 150
chrs per second?

"that data is moved to / from disk at a rate of about 10200 chrs
per second?

"that disk is about 68 times faster than cassette?

that the ordinary jogger jogs at a speed of 4 mph

‘that if you jogged as much faster than the ordinary jogger, as

disk data transfer is faster than cassette data transfer, then
you would jog at a speed of 172 mph?

"that a flea can jump more than 20 feet?

‘and his departure accellertion is more than 60 G's?

‘and if you could jump as far, in comparison to size, you could
jump from Miami to Detroit?

-three hops Coast to Coast, then three to Alaska, one to Attu,
another to Japan, then 6 hops across Asia to Siberia, and 4 more
to the East Coast- around the World in 18 leaps!

Airplanes would be obsolete if only we humans had comparative

10

hopping abilities as fleas!

"pos-64" A Review By Pete Fischer

"Phoenix Pete" Fischer is THE GURU
of TS-2068 Telecomputing, having
written a book on the subject.
Thanks "P.P" for this nice

input. Your expertise is always
welcome in the pages of UPDATE!

ABSTRACT: This is a review of MakeDOS-64, a
machine code system which allows use of the
OS-64 cartridge code on an AERCO Disk Drive
without loss of Aerco DD commands, and with
access to the full 256K ram via bank switching.
(review by Pete Fischer)

Short Description of DOS-64

DOS-64, like the OS-64 cartridge itself,
sits in the Dock Bank. However, it DOES take
away a small portion of ram in the Home Bank.
It features the full use of AERCO Disk com-
mands, just like the AERCO version of OS-64,
but that version gives you only 17K of BASIC
area. This version keeps the normal 33K that
OS-64 would leave you. It also includes a
number of other features not found in either
the Aerco DOS nor the OS-64. Read on!

Description of the OS-64 Cartridge

Before I go into MakeDOS-64 itself,
though, let me describe the 0S-64. It's not as
cut and dried as it first seemed. True, you
just plug it into the cartridge port & turn on
the machine. But it's not QUITE that simple.
For one thing, you've lost nearly 5K of free
memory at the bottom of BASIC. This is never
discussed in the Zebra docs. Thus, loading any
program longer than 33+K will crash the 2068.
Also, you've lost some of the commands in
BASIC. FLASH is useless, since it required
Display File 2 in order to work. Once you set
either PAPER or INK, the other is set to it's
compliment. (i.e. PAPER 4 [green] will set the
INK to 2 [red]). This change effects all the
ink on the page- so that it's impossible to
have more than one color of INK on any page.
Also, you can't change the BORDER to a dif-
ferent color than the PAPER. You also lose
BRIGHT and INVERSE.

Jeff Street, the Zebra programmer who
wrote OS-64, DID manage to include printer
drivers for 4 centronics interfaces, namely,
the Aerco/Oliger, Tasman-B, Tasman-C and A&J.
The 2040 is NOP supported. These are meant to
drive Epson- compatible printers. But you can
also load your om custom driver, and the docs
tell you where to load it and how to call it
(can be either centronics or serial).

Since screen display uses display file 2,
a normal SCREENS will not work to SAVE or LOAD.
You must SAVE/LOAD two seperate CODE files in
order to deal with a SCREEN in 64 col mode.

At first T thought a BASIC program had to
be specially written for OS-64. But then I
thought, why don't I just LOAD in a program
written for 32 col.,and see what happens?

So I did, and to my surprise and delight,
most things worked. There WERE problems; such 1 fe

that program less appealing.

UPDATE July 1988
Articles & Reviews

as when a program used 2 or more INKs in the
same menu. The screen would flash through all
the different colors as it printed out the
screen, finally ending up with green ink and
red paper which was unreadable even on my RGB.
So I had to fix all those (this can take some
time on a long program).

Any text which was centered in 32 col. is
now to the left, and depending on how the
PRINC command was used, some lines of text may
stop at 32 col, while others go on to 64 col.
So these PRINT statements may need some editing.
But once you've converted a program, it's done.
You never have to do it again.

So what is the advantage of 64 col.? The
first attraction to me was the capacity to run
Zterm-64. But the small buffer and bugs made

It lets you put twice as many colums on
the screen, with the same number of rows. This
doubles the information on a page. This is
particularly useful when you're using software
that stores and displays lots of data, such as
word processing, spreadsheet, accounting,
database or telecommunications. It can make
much better menus, as I always seem to run out
of screen before I run out of options. You
will see less of the "scroll?" prompts on
your screen, Although I can't help but wish we
had more rows as well as more columns...

One last note on the OS-64, if you have
the JLO disk drive, you need to have OS-64 ver
1.72 in order to use the NMI "snapshot" save.

The Difference Between OS-64 & DOS-64

The main difference is complete compat-
ibility with the Aerco system without any
loss of free ram. Also of critical interest is
the access to the full 256K rambank via bank
switching. These banks can be had by a simple
OUT command. Oh, what wailing and gnashing of
teeth could have been saved if Aerco had sold
this software with their 256K upgrade! (NOTE:
In his recent book on advanced M.Code Program-
ming on the 2068, Dr.Lloyd Dreger discusses
this scheme of access to the 256K. He gives
credit to David Hill. Keith Watson wrote the
code originally, and gave it to David to
publish in his newsletter. This is just a
misunderstanding on Dr. Dreger's part).

Another feature that Keith worked in is a
program by Jack Dohaney called KEYWORDS. For
those of you who are unfamiliar (as I was)
this program allows you to enter the TIMEX
BASIC keywords, one letter at a time. This is
useful to those who have custom keyboards
without legends. You can toggle this feature
on and off with a PRINT USR statement.

There are two additional character sets,
BOLD and IBM PC style. These improve readabil-
ity on marginal monitors.

You can alter the total maximum number of
directories on a disk. We always complained
that 31 was too few. But now that the number is
doubled for DD diska ard tripled for QD disks,
it seems to take a significantly longer time
for the system to search a directory. This
gives you the best of both worlds.

While it's true you can "customize" the

OS-64 cartridge for a large number of options,
you do so using POKE statements which must be
re-entered everytime you turn on the computer.
Since Make~Dos comes off a disk, however, you
can customize it once and for all (and easily
re-configure it later). Then, you save the
customized version and DOS-64 "Wakes-up” in
any setup you want!

This "customizing" is done by a menu-
driven program that's quite painless and easy
to follow. This is MakeDOS. All four of the
original printer drivers are still there. You
can choose one of those, or your own custom
driver as permanently enabled. You can also
choose various printer configurations such as
line length, and print density. There is also
an option to increase the total of numbered
lines in BASIC from 9999 to 16383.

_THE GOOD POINTS

1. Permanent 64 Col. display with com
pletely normal DOS operation.

2. Full access to the 256K ram upgrade.

3. All the original printer drivers of
0S-64 are there and any one can be
permanently enabled.

4. There are 2 new character sets.

5. Jack Dohaney's KEYWORDS program is
available for use.

6. Most 32 column BASIC programs are
compatible, or require minor modifi-
cation.

THE BAD POINTS

1, I miss a hardcopy manual for this
product. You don't need one much, but
it's good to have.

2. Some of the explanations given on the
help screens are a bit technical. For
tecmical users, they will be welcome.
But others may be thrown.

3. You lose about 5K of BASIC (which you
also lose with 0S-64)

"I was just writing something for my om
uses." That's how Keith described it to me in
his self-effacing manner. He ended up spending
several hundred hours and many calls to AERCO
to get the straight story on the 256K. How many
really great software packages started out as
someone writing something for their own use.
This software is available from RMG, who
has gone to great lengths to support AERCO
users. It costs $15 +$2 P&H. Or from Keith.
Brilliant programmers are worth supporting.
See pg 14 of January UPDATE for
addresses of Suppliers.

The Mscript File Printer
that printed the above Article

UPDATE Addendum: The Zebra OS-64 cartridge
provides a nice 64 column display, yet when a
menu or information display does not require
such packing on screen, the regular 32 character
display provides more comfortable reading. The
OS-64 does not LOCK one into the small print of
a 64 column line, Qe can switch AT WILL
between the two display files. When the 32 col
display file is switched IN, all of the color
attributes may be used for glorious screen
displays. Following are two “switch routines"

12

UPDATE July 1988
Articles & Reviews

to be used with <GO SUB zb - or GO SUB ts>. The
ts routine: <9000 OUT 255,0: PAUSE 10: CUT
244,0: CLS: RETURN>. The zb routine: <9002 OUT
255,62: PAUSE 10: OUT 244,3: CLS: RETURND.

Just. remember that when you have a Zebra
0S-64 cartridge installed, all LPRINT, LOAD,
SAVE, commands exercise the routines in the
OS-64 ROM, and NOT the normal TS-2068 EXROM.
Therefore one must always be in the 64 col
(CS-64 Display) before using these commands.
Otherwise a crash will result. Preceed all
LOAD, SAVE, LPRINE commands with <GO SUB zb>.
I£ you want 32 column presentations on screen,
<G SUB ts> first. If you want 64 col screen,
<GO SUB zb>. Neat, eh?

The review article by Phoenix Pete came in
in a MSCRIPT file, which gave me a chance to try
out the "MS-TAS" utility to print it without
loading the MNSCRIPT software. I always get
tangled up with Mscript's and Tasword's
elaborate Control Codes for trapsying around in
the two programs. So, the following Utility was
developed and tested to print mscript files
without need to have mscript loaded (or to learn
it durn it). Note that Pete's text has a ragged
right margin, which gave the other "MS~TAS"
utility a problem. This was solved by using a
"variable stepping counter" to end the line
print each time a ENTER (code 13) is detected.
Note that the last input of “line width" in line
9000 results in POKING the MAXIMUM printer line
to the Aerco precde.

Then counter “n"
width".

is stepped to the "line
However the n counter STEP is a pseudo
value. It could be any figure “more than the
longest line to be printed". This is because at
line 9015 the "y" counter stops when a code 13
(ENTER) is detected. Then the "n" counter is
set back, so that when it STEPS it will step to
the memory address of the next character to be
PEEKED and printed. Chomp on that a bit and you
may get some more ideas about making STEP in a
FOR counter a variable figure.

Now Pete just assumed that I'd load up
Mscript and print his document, so he didn't
tell me what address the code started, nor its
byte length. So, the "FIND" routine at line
9965 was added. <GO TO 9965> will find START
and END memory addresses of the Mscript code
file and print the info on screen. Then <RUN>
and use this information for the INPUT PROMPTS
after the DATA disk catalog is on screen.

In line 9000, the prcode file name,
Randomize #, and the line width POKE, are for
the prcode version given in the Apr/July Issue
Disk. | Your customized Aerco preode may need
different figures. This utility will be
included in the October (next) Issue Disk (no
room in the current Apr/July disk).

8980 REM * MSCRIPT FILES PRINTER

8985
8990 CLOSE #2: BORDER Os PAPER 0

"+ Utility t
o PEEK and Print out MSCRIPT Da
ta Files from Disk.""""* Does
not require Word Proc to be loa
ded." DOES Require;"''"1, A
erco or Oliger Printer int£c

to be installed.""'"2. Centroni

Cont >

es Printer ~CN~ READY''''"SET E
QUIPNENT, THEN ENTER": PAUSE 0:
cas

9000 OUT 244,1: CAT "Cclear.bin"
13 CAT "Cpreode.bin",: RANDOMIZ
B USR 64500: INPUT ; "Install Da
ta Disk, ENTER";y$: CAT "",: IN
PUT "Input MS~TAS Disk File Nam
e (all between Quotes).";z$
: INPUT "Input File Starting Ad
dress";sa: INPUT "Input File By
te Length";bl: INPUT "Printer L
ine Width";11: INPUT "Start lin
: INPUT "Total Col
POKE 64504,11-1: CA

9002 OPEN #2

4b1 STEP 11

9005 FOR y= TO ntll-1

9010 LET c=PEEK y

9015 IF c=13 THEN PRINT : LET n

=ytl-1l: GO TO 9027

9020 PRINT CHRS c7

9025 NEXT y

9027 LEY lc=lc+l: IF lo>tc THEN
3 CLOSE #2: LET lo=1: OU

2 CLS + PRIN

T "Adjust Page, THEN ENTER": PA

USE 0: OPEN #2,"P"

9030 NEXT n

9035 CLOSE #2

FOR n=sa TO sa

UPDATE July 1988
Articles & Reviews

9040 PRINT ''"<1> For next file”
"'"<2> To Quit": INPUL "Choice?
“yar IF a<l OR a>2 THEN GO TO
9040

9045 IF a=2 THEN STOP

9050 GO TO 9000

9060 REM ** Find Start and End

of MSCRIPT file.

9965 LET a=1: FOR n=46000 TO 653
67

9970 IF PEEK n<>0 THEN PRINT "S

tart Adr=";n: GO TO 9990

9975 NEXT n

9990 FOR n=n TO 65535: IF PERK n

=0 THEN PRINT "End of File=";n
: STOP

DENSE PACK BASIC, and the use of LOGICAL OPERATORS

There has been a

considerable

amount of questions and interest about Dense Pack
programming tecmiques and the use of Boolean Logic.—-While: browsing through antique ZX

publications I came across an interesting article written in 1983 by Sharon Aker (Where
Since Sharon's article merges nicely with my feeble attempts to

are you

re-printed.

now Sharon?).
explain the use of Boolean Logic
Also interesting
Sinclair 2X-81 with 1K total Ram.

in Basic programming,

is the setting:

and can provide increased programming efficiency.

The Logical Operators sharon Zardetto Aker

AND and OR have two distinct us-
ages in Sinclair Basic. One mirrors their
use in English and is easily understood;
the second is less straightforward, but is
an extremely versatile programming
technique. NOT, the third logical op-
erator, is unfortunately overlooked or ig-
nored by many beginner programmers;
it, too, can be a powerful programming
tool.

AND and OR
IF A<10 AND B<10 THEN...

IF A<10 OR B<10 THEN...

In the first example, the command
following THEN is executed if both con-
ditions are true (the conditions being
A< 10 and B < 10). In the second exam-
ple, as long as either condition is true,
the command will be executed.

AND has a higher priority than OR
and is performed first regardless of its
position in the conditional statement.

IF _X>5 OR Y>5 AND Z>5 THEN.
This statement sets up two conditions:
1) 5
2) Y>5 AND Z>5

Since they are linked by. OR, either one

being true will cause the command to be

executed.

To circumvent the computer’s auto-
matic ordering of operations, paren-
theses should be used.

1F (X58 OR Y>5) AND Z>5 THEN...

The two conditions in this statement
are:
1) X>5 OR Y>5

2) Z>5
Since they are linked by AND, both con-
ditions must be true for command
execution.

You should note that, in this last

her excellent article is
The time~ Sept. 1963.
Boolean Logic is useful in programming ANY computer

‘The computer~

You must understand the computer's
view of “truth”: a true condition is
“4”; a false condition is “0”.

example, there are actually two combi-
nations that will satisfy the computer’s
truth-check:

1) X>5 AND 2>5

2) Y>5 AND 2>5

Instead of IF-THEN

AND and OR also have another, en-
tirely different, usage in Sinclair Basic,
one that allows you to combine several
IF-THEN statements into one logical
statement that does not even use IF-
THEN.

IF A<10 THEN GOTO 125

IF A=10 THEN GOTO 300

IF A>10 THEN GOTO 480
can be rewritten:

GOTO (125 AND A<10)+

(300 AND A=10)+
(480 AND A>10)

To translate this into understandable
English, read each AND as “if.” The
computer looks at each one of the par-
enthetical statements and checks the
truth of the expression following AND.
If that conditional statement is true, the
value of the parenthetical statement is
set at whatever precedes AND; if the ex-

pression is false, the statement is as-
signed a 0.

So in this last example, if A is 14, the
line will work out as in Figure 1. The
computer will GOTO 480.

Mutual Exclusivity

The parenthetical statements in the
above example are mutually exclusive;
that is, if one is true, the others have to
be false. That is not always the case, and
you should plan carefully in a situation
like the following:

IF N<10 THEN GOTO 100

IF N=10 THEN GOTO 150

1F N<20 THEN GOTO 200

Obviously, N can be less than 10 and
less than 20 at the same time; so can it
be both equal to 10 and less than 20. As
long as the IF-THEN statements are in
the right order in your program (“right”
depends on the effect you want), there is
no problem because the computer will
act upan the first true statement it en-
counters and never see the one(s)
following.

However, if you rewrite these state-
ments using the logical operators, you

Figure 1.

GOTO (125 AND A<10) + (300 AND A=10) + (480 AND A>10)
false false true

GoTo (0) + (0) + (480)

Figure 2..

GOTO (100 AND N<10) + (150 AND N=10) + (200 AND N<20)
false true true

GoTo (0) + (150) + (200)

13

would have a big problem. If N is 10, the
computer would make the evaluation
found in Figure 2 and execute GOTO
350.
Further definition of one or more of
the conditions, until the parenthetical
statements are mutually exclusive, is
necessary. For instance:
IF N<10
IF N=10
IF N<20 AND N>10...
Written logically,
GOTO (100 AND N<10)+
(150 AND N=10)+
(200 -AND (N<20 AND N>10))
In the last parenthetical statement,
the first AND operates as “‘if.” The sec-

—~ond AND operates in its usual manner

requiring that both conditions be true
for the total expression to be true. The
inner parentheses are not strictly nec-
essary, since the first AND will always
be used as the “if’; they were included
here only to make the example clearer.

Other Commands
Since the entire logical expression
boils down to a number, it can be used in
place of a number with many different
commands:
PRINT AT (5 AND Z>14)+
(2 AND Z<5),10;'‘OKAY"'
PLOT X, (17 AND B=12)+
(27 AND B<>12)
GOSUB (500 AND L=10)+
(800 AND M=10)
PRINT (0 AND N<>10)+
(N AND N=10)
PAUSE (120 AND T<10)+
(380 AND T>=10)

Strings

Strings can also be used with logical
statements. If the conditional expression
is true, the parenthetical expression is
“equal to” the string before AND. If the
conditional expression is false, the state-
ment is considered to be an empty
string. So:

IF A>B THEN PRINT ‘ ‘TOO HIGH’’
IF A<B THEN PRINT *‘TOO LOW’'
can be rewritten as:

PRINT (‘‘TOO HIGH’' AND A>B)+

('*TOO LOW''’ AND A<B)

When A is larger than B, the statements
will be evaluated:
PRINT (‘'TOO HIGH’')+(‘‘'’)

You can also assign a string value
with this syntax:

LET P$=(‘'TOO HIGH’'

AND A>B)+ °
(* ‘TOO LOW'' AND A<B)

A logical expression for strings or
numbers does not have to consist of
alternative choices; a parenthetical logi-
cal expression can be inserted into
an otherwise straightforward command.
Consider a program that would display a
multiplication problem of two randomly

~ Tf BDA X+

generated numbers (A and B) and a
player’s answer (C). If the answer is
wrong, you might want it marked with
an asterisk.
PRINT A;‘‘+"!
TAB 10;(‘'*
AND C<>A+B) ;TAB 11;C
If the answer is correct, nothing will
be printed at TAB 10.

Variable Re-valuation

Logical expressions that change the
value of a variable are easy to use. Here
is one example, and the ways it would be
evaluated.
LET X=X+(5 AND B<A)+(7 AND B>A)
If BSA X+ (5) + (0) =(X+45)

if B=A (0) + (0) =(X)
As you can see, there is no need to
write a statement for the B=A possibil-
ity if you want X to remain the same in
that situation.
If the variable is to be decremented,
change the plus sign to a minus sign:
LET N=N+(5 AND P=0)—

X+

(5 AND P<>0)
This will be evaluated in one of two
ways:
If P=0: N+(5)-(0) = Nt5
1f P<>0: N#(0)-(5) = N-5
Using OR

While AND is used for strings and
numbers, and variable re-valuation
involving addition and subtraction, OR
is only practical for re-valuations involv-
ing multiplication or division. A study of
the chart in Figure 3 might help you
understand why this is so.

When OR is used in this construction,
read it as “unless”:

LET N=N+ (10 OR ADB)

If B is less than A, the statement is
true. It is evaluated as 1 (as noted in the
chart), and reads:

LET N=Ne(1)
and the value of N does not change.

If B is not less than A, the parentheti-
cal statement is assigned the value of the
number before OR:

LET N=N+( 10)

So, N is multiplied by 10 unless B is
less than A, in which case N remains the
same.

If you were writing a program to cal-
culate new prices for merchandise going
on sale, where items less than $100 were
to be reduced by 10% and all others by
20%, your statement would read (P is
the current price):

LET P=P+(.8 OR P<100)+

(9 OR P=100)

‘The evaluations are:
If P<100:
lf P>=100:

(Oy (7) (X47

UPDATE July 1988
articles & Reviews

Applications
If you would like a command exe-
cuted every second time it is en-
countered in a loop, use NOT to change
the true/false value of a variable back
and forth. With:
1F V THEN...
at the beginning of a loop, and:
LET V=NOT V
later in the loop, V will be true on every
other loop.
By using
LET E=N/2-iNT(N/2)
E is zero whenever N is an even number.
To have a command executed only when
N is even, use
IF NOTE THEN...
Similarly, —— =
LET I=N-INT N
means that I is zero whenever N is an
integer, and
iF NOT 1...
will be a true condition when N is a
whole number.

Priority

NOT is assumed to apply only to the
number to its right, unlike the other
logical operators, which automatically
apply to an entire expression.

NOT B<C
is interpreted as:

(NOT B)>C

NOT has priority over both AND and
OR, so the following conditional state-
ment would be processed in the order of
innermost brackets first:

IF [[[NOT A] AND B] OR C]

The use of NOT can, of course, be al-
tered by the use of parentheses.

NOT

To make use of NOT, you must first
understand the computer's view of
“truth.” Conditions in an IF-THEN
statement are evaluated, and a true con-
dition is assigned a one, while false one
are assigned zero. (Note the “result” col-
umn in Figure 3.)

Furthermore, any mathematical ex-
pression whose result is zero is consid-
ered false, while a non-zero result (even
a negative number) is true.

NOT changes the true/false value of
an expression:

If A is false, NOT A is true. .

If A is true, NOT A is false.

Figure 3... ___

OL Characteristics

About half of the subscribers to UP-DATE are
owners of both the TS-2068 and the Sinclair QL, the
jatest member of the Orphan Computer family.
Comments received about the QL range from pure
disgust to enthusiastic praise. But there is one
common denominator amongst the QL owners and that is
a desire to learn how to use this strange computer.
It is indeed a strange one (to me) and one that
requires a considerable amount of study. Having
only recently purchased a QL, I ot not yet ready to
become your QL Guru. So, let us begin learning the
QL together while continuing to treat our TS-2068 as
our primary system. Eventually the QL will become a
work horse to endure for many years to come. But I
-am—~sure -that~-my—TS-2068 _ system —will—never-be
discarded no matter how useful the QL becomes.

We TS-2068 users enjoy several advantages when
we begin to use the QL. First, with few exceptions,
all of our programming knowledge can be transferred
to the QL. The key-words and tokens mean the same.
"QL BASIC" just gives us an expansion of the
language that we have been using. So, that part of
the QL learning curve should come fairly easy.
Since we can use our learned TS-2068 language, this
allows us to program the QL in "simplese" while
picking up the more advanced QL BASIC and Super
Basic. ‘Then, as we upgrade, still more language
extensions and capability are added, such as "super
tool-kit". In fact, the QL can become the most
powerful of all personal computers available in the
market places of the World, more powerful than the
IBM XT.

also a PLUS with equipment
compatability. Qur disk drives and monitors are
compatable with the QL. I first started off sharing
a pair of 80 track drives and a RGB monitor with ny
TS-2068, But that soon became too much of a
switching job and I gave in and spent some money on
a second pair of drives and a Magnevox RGB monitor.
WHICH, leads us into the subject of EXPENSE to get
going with the QL. One can go "whole hog" as I did,
or progress in stages. A composite monitor can be
picked up for as little as $65.00 via catalog
shopping while letting the budget build up for a RGB
monitor. And, a full page width serial printer can
be purchased for as little as $39.95. I have one of
these old IBM thermal printers to do listings and
scratch printing.

There is

There have been many comments to the effect
that "By the time one buys disk drives, monitor, and
Trump Card, one has enough invested to have
purchased a IBM Clone system". So, let us look at
that first. "SysTEN" is the key word. If you
carefully examine the adverisments for IBM systems
(Clones), you will find that a COLOR system, with 2
disk drives, with 600K of memory, will cost about
$1800.00. Then you'll need to add a printer. My OL
system cost was: $75.00 for the QL, $300.00 for the
Trump Card, $300.00 for a RGB Monitor, which comes
to $675.00. This is about the price of a "starter"
IBM XT Clone with only 256K of memory, no monitor,
and one 360K drive, It would take another $900.00
to upgrade the IBM to "aproximate" the capability of
this QL system.

Really we are comparing Zebras to horses, The
QL and the IBM are totally different critters, In
my way of thinking a IBM system locks one into a
"closed system", while the QL provides versatility.
The Trump Card gives 896K of RAM memory, where the
IBN is not that expandable. Even more ROM memory:

can be tagged on in cartridges. Much is said about
the need to be "IBM Compatable". For what reason?
Why try to be compatable with an INFERIOR system,
and when such compatability reduces one to a lesser
level of capability? The QL has more capability
than the IBM XT. We just need to learn to tap that
capability. I£ we need to compare the QL witha
computer of similiar capabilities, the computer
would be the Northgate 386, a 32 bit CPU powerhouse,
as is the QL.

The price tag of the QL reveals a fact that
needs to be understood by all. The computer was not
ready for marketing. Because of that, the reviews
of the Qi were all bad- very bad- CRUEL~ and
Killing! While designed to sell for around $600.00
“for the basic machine, reviews killed it and its
price plummeted to $75.00. Now the few remaining
Qs in Stock are priced higher, and soon none will
be available. An estimated 8000 OL computers were
sold in the USA and Canada. So, we QL owners are
rather few in numbers on this side of the Atlantic.
However, the QL is a popular computer in the UK and
supporting hardware and software are plentiful.
Because of the low price and the known end to OL
production, many American buyers bought a spare QL.
T would advise any who did not to do so quickly.

The QL, as it is purchased, has quality control
deficiencies that need to be (must be) corrected.
The easiest path to take is to send the OL to Tom
Bent, 9015 Flicker Place, Columbia, MD 21045. Tom
does a series of fixes that corrects the problens.
I will go through these. 1. The QL Power regulator
needs to be £ixed. As purchased it creates too much
heat which causes crashes after a hour or so of
operation, 2. Some CPU chips overheat and need to
be evaluated, replaced if necessary. 3. The
existing two ROM chips are high power consumers and
need to be replaced with one EPROM which runs cooler
and also corrects some ROM bugs. The new EPROM also
contains. several very worth while additions to the
QL operating system which are normally sold in (add
on) ROM cartridges.

4, The IC that provides Television monitoring
is removed (optional). This reduces both internal
noise and relieves the load on the power regulator,
but eliminates the capability of using a TV for
monitoring. 5. The "Spider board" needs
re-soldering. | As purchased, the spider board has
loose connections that cause crashes. 6. A lube job
is needed! Tom uses WD-40 to free up the keyboard
keys and make them operate smoothly. 7. The RGB
output needs Buffering. All of these fixes are
needed. You can either have them done or do them
yourself. But for the QL to operate successfully,
these fixes are necessary. Quantum Levels magazine
has devoted quite a bit of space to describing these
problems.

To accomplish all of the above fixes, Tom
charges about $65.00. This is really a bargain,
especially if you consider that the addtions to the
ROM, if bought in a Rom cartridge costs that much.
Ton Bent is the Editor of Quantum Levels and one of
the best authorities on the QL. I highly recommend
that every @L owner subscribe to Quantum Levels,
which is the only North American publication
exclusively devoted to the OL users. Quantum Levels
started only about two years ago and I advise
getting all back issues. A new QL magazine has been
announced. "QL USA" has not yet published its first
issue. I£ interested, write to: Bill Fischer, 419

senuloions De. E., Orange Park, FL 32073 (editor

publister).

So, now you know why one could buy a QL for as
little as $75.00, which is far less than the total
cost of the IC chips contained in the computer. The
QL simply was not ready to be marketed and Sir Clive
payed the price for not fixing all of the bugs
before going into production. Then the deficiencies
in production line quality control was the final
thing that did him in, One can look at it this way.
We buy the computer in two stages. The first stage
is buying the QL for $75 ~ $100. ‘The second stage
is getting its bugs fixed for about $65.00. Then we
can go about assembling a SYSTEM, including the
monitor, the printer, memory expansion, and disk
system, This is a new concept for buying things and
is kinda hard to get accustomed to.

Presently there are two devices that provide

“—“poth Memory upgrade to 896K RAM, additional ROM, and

a Disk Drive controller. One is the TRUMP CARD and
the other is the SANDY BOARD. Both contain extra
ROM that provides a plethora of additional Super
Basic functions. AND, both are quite expensive,
around $300.00. One can delay such upgrades and
still have a QL system that is quite capable, more
capable and more powerful than a un-expanded IBM xT.
The four Pison Softwares, which comes with the QL,
are excellent and they represent a combined value of
at least $300.00 when compared with any software
group offered for the IBM. These three softwares
work well with a un-expanded QL. Some users may not
ever need more software capbility.

The two Micro Drives are the legacies of Sir
Clive Sinclair who spent a decade perfecting the
highest speed low cost tape deck in the World today.
While I prefer using Disk Drives, the two micro
drives do add to the QL's capabilities.

I have already found that the two micro drives
provide excellent and reliable mass storage.
Operation is faster than disk drive with the
Commodore, but slower than disk drive with the
TS-2068. Never the less, micro drive lets one wait
until one’s budget is ready for the expense of
up-grading to Trump anda disk drive system. Even
then there is a means available to upgrade in

stages. The Trump card provides the huge memory
expansion, plus a great increase in Super Basic
functions, plus a disk drive controller, plus RAM

DISK. The addition of disk drive can be delayed as
the final stage of upgrade. RAM DISK with Trump
Card lets one operate “as if there were a disk
drive", then save the data or program to micro drive
when finished.

Since most QL users have a spare QL
(insurance), why let the spare lay around collecting
dust? Tt can be "networked" with the main QL by
simple means of connecting a single conductor wire
between computers. The distance limit between
computers has not yet been found, but would
certainly be as far as from one corner of the house
to another. Since "networking" is an exclusive
capability of the QL you wont find much published
information about the principle. This capability is
usually the domain of very expensive "main frame”
computers, Briefly, the "networked" computers use
their own memory for operation, plus that of the
HOST computer, and can operate any peripheal that is
attached to either. For example, my son can be in
his room doing a college report. When finished, he
sends the data to be printed with the printer that
is connected to the main QL computer. During the

process, the micro drives and disk drives that are
Connected to either computer can be used for both
programs and data saves and loads, This is kinda
mind boggling to me, but I'm inquisitive enough to
"ery" to take it to the limit.

The Printer: There are some very good bargains
in printers now a days, especially SERIAL printers.
Serial printers comnect directly to the serial I/O
ports (2) of the QL. Most of us are not familiar
with the computer syntax to print with serial
printers. My first week of QL ownership was devoted
to figuring out how to use a printer. This does it
with a serial printer connected to Serial Port #2:
<10 OPEN #4,ser2c> <20 BAUD 9600> <30 PRINT #4,"This
is a Serial Printer"> <40 PRINT #4> <50 LIST #4> <60
CLOSE #4>. Missing in QL Basic are our familiar
LPRINT and LLIST. Instead we must OPEN a channel to
the printér and then use PRINT or LIST, To use a
Parallel Centronics printer one needs to purchase a
Parallel Interface.

A suggestion (as I am doing): To make myself
learn the QL and QUILL, I am beginning to do all
correspondance with the QL and QUILL, and my more
serious data processing and publishing with the
TS-2068. Later the priority may be reversed. How
about “maintainability" of the QL? Well, we all
have some experience with that subject, dont we?
Already we have two sources for repairs, Tom Bent
and Dan Elliott. And, if you think that IBM Clones
are repaired everywhere, you are a good prospective
customer for the salesman of snake oil, hair growing
lotion, and astrology predictions. Even the giant
Tandy Corp. does not have full repair capability for
their IBM Clones. One does not buy maintainability
when one buys a IBM Clone.

So, belay your fears! The Q@ is a gocd
computer, better than any other that one can buy for
less than about $2000.00. It can be fixed when it
breaks. Tt is expandable in stages. It will take
us at least a year of study and usage to learn what
the QL can do for us, and it will serve us well for
many years. Now the QL user Group becomes another
select’ group of independant thinkers, as unique as
we TS-2068 users. Both refuse to ride the main
stream of mediocrity. And neither accepts the idea
that a popular Name Brand necessarily means the
best. Both groups look to learning as a challenge
and help each other to that end. Both groups will
survive will take it to the limit!

UP-DATE invites more qualified users to help
out in coverage of the QOL- to help us novices to
learn this fine computer. The disparaging comments
about the OL and its bugs in this article will stand
as the only group of negativisms as UP-DATE launches
into support of "Computing with the Sinclair QL’
However "bug reports and the details of their fixes'
will be covered, along with programming, software
operation, the availability of products, and the
whole range of user interest subjects. And, there
ace plenty of subjects to cover. After studying the
QL manual, the Trump Card manual, and the Speed
Screen manual, I have hundreds of questions that
need answers. The QL is a BIG and highly
diversified computer. I would compare the learning
task with that of a stranger to San Francisco who
tas just been hired as a taxi driver. Fortuntely
for us, we can learn a segment of Functions at a
time and continue to progress through the learning
curve. It should be a lot of fun and also
productive.

16

FDD™ EXPress=

‘MORE LETTERS
7/88

Thought I would mention a few sore letters I have received.

Dear Ron,

This is a cry for help! I’@ coapleting the FDD Technical
Manual. So far I've expanded the manual froa 33 to 7@ pages. but
I don't even own a system. (i have a borrowed one.) [ have
descriptions and schematics of the 1S2068 Bus Adaptor, FOD
Interface, FDD 3860 Controjier, FDD Drive, and Asdisk drives.
Also I've a good start on disassembling the TOS BASIC extension
software. Where 1 need help is a5 follows: How aany versions of
the FDD systea are there (ay borrowed systes is silver boxes)?
Does anyone know the three PAL logic? Has anyone done a
disassembly? What else da 1 need to know that I don’t know? 1

_will wake all this information available to anyone doing repairs
or writing aachine code needing access to the internal code. It
should be possible to get all parts except for the pc boards and
cases. The T0S is in Eproe so this can be corrected and
expanded. One more thing. I need a FDD Controller (silver box or
3008). 1 have enough other parts to build a system, The
controlier would not have to be operating if it is repairable.
Can I get the back issues of 1.0.P.S, - 1 guess they are all
back issues, Thank you for the FDD Express. Sincerely, Bob
Orrfelt, 3436 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA 94863

Bob, as far as 1 know, there are just very slight

differences between the silver boxes and the 3000 system, 1 say

slight, because in doing some work with Mike Finn's Track Reader
progran’s, I found a slight differance. Nothing to get emotional
about. { will be explaining more in a future issue. There Kas
only one issue of T.0.P.S., and 1 con't have sare than just my
ona copy, which has notes all over it. Maybe somebody else cut

there has a copy they can send you. Ron
Jack Dohany wrote ae a nice, informative letter a (long)

while ago.

Hi Ron,

Thanks very auch for sending se your newsletter. i like it,
and want to remain on your List, even though I don’t own a Zebra
system right now...To provide fullest possible support, { need
to have ALL disc systems at ay elbow. The only one i now iack is
Tebra, so I’m looking for a very ‘inexpensive lebra systen,
working or not, cld-type or (preferably) FD 3002...In order to
stay alive this year, I need to expand ay mailing list, and get
ay software know to as many people as possible. So please ask
your subscribers to send ne their address so I can send them a
catalog. Preferably they should enclose $1 + SASE to help out...
Sonething you or other Zebra users may be able ta help me with:
T have never seen an FDD 3400 or had access to one. I need to
know how it differs from the original “aany-little-box" Zebra
system. If someone could undertake to sake ee a copy of the FDD
3004 docurentation and aail it to ae, 1'¢ be happy...But a
short, complete and correct syaopsis of differences between old
an¢ new might be just as useful, since 1 already have
docunentation for old systems...Does anyone out there have a TOS
source listing?..An expert prograamer, with access to this
listing, would be able to answer just abou any question or solve
just about any probles. For example: how to get Mscript to talk
to a serial printer over Zebra RS2322..Jack Dohany, 390
Rutherford Ave., Redwood City, CA 94661

17

UPDATE July 1988
articles & Reviews

Everyone is on notice to help Jack out any way possible.

Dear Ron,

T bought one of Zebra’s early single drive systeas (with
it’s probless) and later added the second drive. i am rather
happy with ay systee now. I would be interested in knowing if
anyone has done much with pragrassing for the Agdek DX¥-100
Plotter, which is addressed by Iprint conwands, I would also
lile to know if anyone has roduced a progras to wake use of the
2808 sound capability. Dennis Bryant, 16148 Foliage Ave.,
Rosemount, HN S5H68

Anybody who can answer this would be appreciated.

Dear Ron,
i don't reseaber if I read it in your newsletter or when

“talking to Gwen Christianson but T'd Tike to transfer ay one ~~

2068 progran Profile 2068 to disk. Your series covered Tasword

but I don’t even have that wordpracessor program, so if that is
coaing up I'll b# looking forward to that. Tom Dunlop
Look no farther, Toa, this 15 it. Actually, not even

Jooking at the program fros way back when I transfered it, 1 can
tell you that Tom Woods made tranfering the program INCREDIBLY
easy! Hopefully you have the full sanual, because all the
inforration you need is right there. First, let’s just MERGE the
loader program, Now change the lines that LOAD the code and
progras to LAD %, aking sure to seep the nases slightly
different. 1¥ I reneaber correctly, both the code and the BASIC
had the same nase, which on tape wouldn't matter. So just rename
the code "p/f" and the program "profile.bas". Now SAVE #
"profile" LINE i. That takes care of the loader. Now reload the
original loader from tape, and in fact go through the entire
loading process. Once you get the prompt to Create or Load a
file, press CAPS SHIFT-EDIT, which «ill get rid of the quotes,
and then STOP. Now SAVE #"p/f* CODE 63486,204%. Now LIST the
Profile program you have in your coaputer. If you see only a
blank screen, then just change the INK color to white: INK 7.
Change the necessary part of iine 107 to SAVE + f$ LINE in, Be
sure to use the trailing “n", so that the program will overwrite
the existing file on disk (if you mant to do that). Change the
part of line 5510 to LOAD # #4, Now SAVE *"profile.bas* LINE
9996. And you should have Profile on disk. There are sose
igproverents that can be done. For example, I included a small
section after the "L* or *C" prompt todo a CAT *# if I choose
“L*. That way, I-can see just what files I have ta load, 1 also
set up ay version to automatically add the *.fi1" extension te a
nage I saved, and to add that extension to any filenase I wanied
to ioad, soi don t have to add that when i want to load
sorething. You can do that kind of stuff your ow way. All the
ather additions where just as discribed in Toes manual,
full-size printer addition, auto search isproveaents, etc. 1 do
have a saali "start" progran on the disk to auto-load the
"profile", but you can just rename the “profile” loader progras
to ‘start®.

Qn to other things. First off, I have recently gone through
all the letters 1 have received from you, (I keep a complete
archive, no “file 13") and find that there are many questions 1
have not answered, or perhaps answered in a somewhat
disorganized aanner. And in fact, I kind of got confused as 1
read through as to what I had and had not related to in the

newsletter. Alsa, I have been informed by some people that ay
explainations of different itess left a lot to be desired,
sonetiees more confusing than helpful. So I want to ask you to
do ee a favor. Anyone wha had a topic they wanted answered, or
that wasn't answered completely and understandably, please
rewrite ee with the request, and I will try to get it in as soon
as possible. Please forgive ge for the unprofessional @anner in
which I have handled the newsletter, but I said at the beginning
I had never done anything like this before.

Just to let you know something I am working ont I have
eveloped the idea of making an “archive” program, and in fact I
have started with 1t. What it (hopefully) will be, is @ program
that reads the directory track of a disk, (Thanks to Mike Finn's
TRACK READER program) and then is able to load up all the
programs, code, arrays, on disk and place thea on a cassette
tape. There area couple of ways this Can be accosplished. “One,
by using Mike's program to read each track of a disk, encoding
it, and placing it directly to tape. This wouid be faster, but a
sajor drawback would be that the prograss on the tape would not
be able to be used from tape. | choose ta get each file one af a
tise, and place thes on tape so that they can be used fron tape
if necessary. Imagine Naving your drives go down, and not being
able to access an important program.

Yes, you could load and save to tape each program, code,
etc. manually, but how often does anyone do that? I have had ay
drives for, golly has it been elsost three years already? And 1
have NEVER saved any of the files to tape, even though most of
the programs have been created since I had the drives. So if ay
drives go down, I am up the creek without a paddle. And 1 am too
lazy to sit here for the hours it would take to individually
load and save each and every program. So if I can write a
program to automatically do that, even if 1t can only do one
disk at a tine, then so auch the better.

Nos, sone problems with it. One, I am writing it in Basic,
since ay knowledge of asseably leaves a lot ta be desired. Oh, 1
can read asseably alright, but writing’is 4 different waiter, So
with this in Basic, that aeans that 1 am using variables, hich
nay conflict with variables in the erograns I am trying to save.
5a some ruies 1 will have to follow are: Use variables that 1
NEVER!) use in programs. And surprisingly, there are quite a
few, even with the string variables. Ever notice how we tend to
use just certain variables in all our prograas? For exampie, i
simost always start with a8, then Bf, then Cs, etc. Then 1 skip
to 1, V8, and sonetines 15. I NEVER use US, VS, and WS. See if
you dont tand to follow something like that as well.

Since the prograa is written in Basic, that nears that a
ERGE + will werge the progras on dist with this one. So I have
to nake sure that all the Line numbers are such that they don’t
interfere with the serging pragrams, and are not intertwined
sith them, Also, since the entire program, aiong with this
pecial progras, will be saved to tape, it is important to wake
sure that this routine 1s aot executed when the serged program
tg run,

Another major consideration is the amount of aemory the
cogran and variable take up. Though I an trying to make it as
aall as possible, still it will take up soe roca. So a progran

on disk that takes full wesory wili not be able to be serged.7 g decided I would need sore expandability that it would al

Profile is one of those that would not be able to be backed up

UPDATE July 1988

Articles & Reviews
in this sanner.

Obviously, sachine language is the answer to east of this.
When I get it finished, I will publish it and let those assembly
progransers of you out there translate it to aachine code, Then,
you aay be able to locate it in some innocuous space in sesory
so everything can be loaded in and saved.

Giso, I haven‘t figured out how to load and save to tape
those sequential and randos access files. They could be auch
larger than semory (which is why they are so valuable) and the
routine to convert them to code would take up room 1 don { want
to use. i a going on the assumption that those Find of files
would need continual update anyway, and so a backup would be too

cid to bother with.

As you have-probably noticed, T-am-using-Tasword- again to
write this, even though you know I have Mscript. Well, the truth
is, 1 have tried it a few times, used if for the last
newsletter, but don’t care for it all that well. My preferences
are Tasword first, Wordstar (CP/M) a close second, and Mscript a
distant third. Just no accounting for taste 1 suppose. [ just
prefer the “wiat you see is what you get" type of display, #hich
both Tasword and Wordstar offer. Yes, 1 can set the screen of
Mscript to the width I am printing, but I prefer on screen
formatting, which Mscript can’t do. Also, I don‘t like ail that
extra on screen jumble interfering with my reading. 1 will
continue to use it and get used to it, but that doesn’t mean 1
have to like it. I nave to Iearn it inside out though, sol can
try to figure out how to send the output through the serial port
of the grives.

Now let @e tell you the greatest(?) news. i have finished
that Accounting software 1 was writing for ay boss, and have
been paid. So i fave ordered an kT clone. Haven't received it
yet, only ordered it two days ago. But now I will te able to be
compatible with sore business people in ay area. A client ot
a@ine has an Aestrad, based on ay recommendation, but I have been
unable to get soae of his software installed, since he has the
computer in nis howe, and his schedule and aine conflict so auch
that I can't get there. So the answer is for me to have a
compatible machine here, instail the sottware properly on disk,
and then give the disks to hia.

So now the first thing that cones ta your mind is, “Ohy no,
is Ron going to abandon us toa’. NEVER!!!! 1 feel too auch
loyalty to ay fellow leura users, and in fact, will need to keer
using ey Timex system for sone time to come. One of the first
things 1 have to da is to try to transter the PC telecom program
FROCOMM from ay CP/M disk to the x7. 1 downloaded it to fy
system so that I can hopefully da a direct transier serial port
to serial part, and thus get it to the clone, without having te
buy a telecoe program for it. (I'm incredibly cheap) if i
accomplish this, you will be the first to know how. Why? Soae of
you do not have modess for your CP/#, but would like more CP
prograas. Everyone knows somebody wio hes a FC type coaputer.
Let hia download a program tar you, and transfer if tc your
aachine.

No, I did not get an Anstrad. I was (and still aa) quite
enthused about it, especially the 1640, but at the last @inute
low.

Just hope I haven't eade a sistake. Ron

UPDATE July 1988
Extra Memory

TS-2068 with ** UNLIMITED RAM capability

The plug in cards to the left are expansion banks. The tall card
behind the 2068 is the controller card. Interconnect is via 2 40 wire
ribbon cables.

wee EXTRA MEMORY ***
(editor's note)

I wrote to Mr. Charles G. Bothner because I had heard of his work
in the TS-2068 Extra Memory area. His response flabbergasted me. This
is the most complete engineering analysis of 2068 Extra Memory that has
been produced to date. It goes far beyond the expertise of the Timex
engineers and corrects their mistakes. While interesting to read, most
will be swamped by the technical detail. The real reason for publishing
Mr. Bothner's extensive thesis is to provide the information to our own
hardware developers who are still producing products for the 2068. Tt
can save 2 years of duplicate work and cut the time needed to bring us
products to use. Mr. Bothner, we appreciate your gigantic contribution
and we applaud your expertise! You are really dedicated to our slogan,
"take it to the limit!”

a
\o

UPDATE July 1988
Extra Memory

May to, 19868
Bill Jones
$-2068 UP~DATE
1317 Stratford Avenue
Panama City, Fl 32404

Dear Bill,

You are right about me having operating hardware for TS-2069
expansion bank operation. I have spent the major portion of
the past two years in debugging the Timex ROM software and
constructing some hardware for expansion banks.

Let me fill you in on my present status of development. At
the present time, I have completed debugging of the home
PROM and verified operation of all modified routines with
diagnostic software. The routines include the FORMAT, MOVE,
CAT, and ERASE functions as well as the LOAD *, SAVE *,
VERIFY *, and MERGE * functions. —One of the Timex routines
required for communication with the expansion banks is the
PASSING routine which is located in the EXROM. The original
Timex implementation of this routine (which saves parameters
on the machine stack) required that memory chunk © be
enabled in the EXROM bank simultaneously with chunk 1 being
enabled in the HOME bank. Apparently the SCLD chip does not
allow this to occur since I could never get this routine to
work properly in the EXROM. After moving the PASSING routine
into the HOME PROM, it worked perfectly.

I realize that this letter is somewhat rambling, but I
wanted to give you some idea of the types of problems that I
encountered during the development program. You may be
wondering by now where I found room to cram any more func—
tions into the HOME PROM. There was a great deal of redun-
dant code in the original ROM, and several small routines
which were never used. Also, I deleted the original PRINT
and COPY routine area which dealt with the 2040 printer
only. Another significant change to the the HOME PROM was
the modification of the calls to the routines located in
home RAM. Originally they only communicated with the RAM
routines when they were in chunk 3. I included routines to
determine whether the RAM routines are currently in chunk 3
or chunk 7. The calls to these routines were originally used
by only the DOCK bank communication routines, but now they
are also used by the expansion bank communication routines

The present hardware status allows communications to up to
15 expansion banks via a controller interface card attached
to the bus connecter. Each expansion bank is on a separate
plug-in card on a separate chassis assembly. I only have a
total of S expansion banks on-line at the present time be-
cause I have not had time to wire up any more cards.

During the course of the development, I found it necessary
to do major re-writes of about half of the 0.S. RAM
routines. I completely scrapped the original routines which
did the actual setup communications with the expansion banks
(B.S. READ and B.S. WRITE). The use of ports FC and FD as
originally mentioned in the Timex Technical Manual seemed to
make more sense so I went that route in the new hardware.

At the present time, 1 do not have the expansion bank in-
itialization routines in the EXROM completely debugged. When
1 boot up the system, I load the SYSCON table and the MAXBNK
values via a separate program which is loaded from tape.

You asked about some data on extra memory. Probably the
simplest add-on is the full expansion of the EXROM bank. it
is necessary to add a small circuit card containing two
I.C.’s to the internal circuit of the computer to provide
full address decoding to the EXROM PROM to allow chunks 1
through 7 in that bank to be used for either RAM or addi-
tional PROM routines. As you can see on the schematic, only
one of the chips is used for the EXROM decoding. The other 2.0

chip allows de-selection or disabling of both the EXRUM and
DOCK banks when the line marked BUSISO is in a low state.
This line is an unused function on the original computer,
but it is the key element in the functioning of the bank ex—
pansion hardware.

Let me explain the bank expansion hardware operation a
little further at this point. As you are aware, the activa
tion of chunks of memory in either the EXROM or DOCK banks
is accomplished by setting corresponding bits high in port
F4, The identity of the bank using these chunks is estab-
lished by the state of bit 7 of port FF (G=DOCK, 1=EXROM).
The use of the BE signal by expansion banks would cause
disabling of ALL HOME, DOCK, and EXROM memory so the expan-
sion bank would not have direct access to the system vari-
ables or the RAM which is accessed by the SCLD for display
refresh. In my implementation of the bank switching
hardware, the bits of port F4 are still used to determine
bank usage. A 0 in any bit position still signifies that the
HOME bank has control of that chunk and a1 signifies that
either an expansion bank or EXROM/DOCK banks (depending on
the state of bit 7 af port FF) have control of that chunk
if —an—expansion bank has been assigned thé chunk, it will
pull the BUSISO line low whenever addresses in that chunk
are active, thereby disabling both the EXROM and the DOCK
banks at that time. (The GET STATUS routine in RAM has been
modified to properly identify which chunks are assigned to
which banks by subtracting all expansion bank chunks from
the port F4 mask and identifying all remaining non-HOME
chunks as either DOCK or EXROM)

I am including the schematic for a full expansion of the EX-
ROM bank via a circuit card which plugs in to the expansion
bus connector. Note that the BUSISO line as well as the BE
line can disable this memory when required.

T sent an article on port expansion hardware to TDM over a
year ago, but I guess that they were not interested so I am
including a copy in case you might want te do something with
it. Since that article was written, I have added a number of
other ports to the system including the Larry Kenney disk
system, a 16 bit parallel I/O port, a Digitalker port, and a
20 milliamp loop interface pert. The phatograph shows that
the outrigger hardware swamps the original computer in sheer
volume.

I really don’t know where to start in writing any articles
on my memory expansion proect. Over 1000 bytes have been re-
written in the HOME PROM alone and you can see from the ex
pansion bank schematics that they will take a great deal of
explaining to make the overall operation clear to your
readers. If you are interested, I can send you copies of the
modified PROM’s so you can try out any of the hardware you
may care to build. I am not personally interested in market-
ing anything but will freely make information available if
we can figure out a rational way to present it.

Please feel free to give me any advice or comments relative
ta generating articles. I am a hardware engineer, not a
writer.

sincerely,

Charles &. (Chuck) Bothner

F.S. In regard to extra memory, there are over 1000 bytes of
RAM going to waste on the normal 2048 computers. Most peaple
are familiar with the 256 bytes available in the 2040 prin~
ter buffer area starting at address 23296 (SHOOH), but I
have never seen any mention of the 542 bytes available in
the System Variables area starting at 23754 (SCCCH) or the
265 bytes available in the Syscon Table area starting at
24311 (SEF7H). My system boots up with a modified version of
the AERCO printer handler and a COPY routine for an Qlivetti
model PR2300 printer being loaded into the spere RAM in the
System Variables area. (The expansion banks are rapidly
filling up the Syscon Table area.)

21

UPDATE July 1988
Extra Memory

2068 PORT EXPANSION

Page 215 of the Timex/Sinclair 2068 User Manual contains

a statement that up to 2 peripherals can be simultaneously
connected to the expansion connector. If you are like me,
you have acquired a number of different peripherals over
the last few years, such as a full size printer interface,
real time clock, telephone modem, graphics interface, RS-
232 interfaces, etc. It becomes somewhat of a nuisance to
keep reconfiguring the units connected to the rear expansion
port, as well as producing unnecessary wear and tear on the
connectors.

There are two primary reasons for the 2 expansion unit lim-
itation. The first one is the 2068 power supply limitation
of 1 ampere maximum on the +5 volt power bus. The second
reason is the lack of buffering on most of the output sig-
-nals on the expansion bus.

With ‘this in-mind, I designed-and-built..a.port expansion __
buffer unit. The schematic for this unit is shown on Figure
1, The power limitation was corrected by providing an ex-
ternal power supply which provides +5 volts @5 amps., and
a+ &-15 volt supply @500 milliamperes. This powers all
port add-ons beyond the buffer card.

An examination of Table 2.4.1-2 in the 2068 Technical Manual
will show the acceptable loading that can be applied to each
of the output signels on the expansion connector. This table
however, like the system ROM's, contains a number of errors.
The following table contains some corrections which can be
readily verified through an analysis of the 2068 schematic:

FUNCTION IMEX MAX, LOAD(I) REALISTIC LOAD(Z)
ALSB 1.8 mA. 12 mA.
A1uB 1.8 mA. 12 mA.
A13B 1.8 mA. 12 mA.

ATRB 0.35 mA. 6 mA.
EXROM 12 mA. 1.8 mA.
ROSCS 12 mA. 1.8 mA.

These corrections were noted during the design of the port
expansion card and are listed here only for general infor-
mation. The functions required for standard port I/O oper-
ations are IORQ, RD, WR, data bits Df through D7, and the
lower 8 bits of the_address bus, A® through A7. The control
pits IORQ, RD, and WR are among those that are already puff-
ered inside the computer by U15, a 74LS245. The data bits
and lower address bits are not buffered and have a limited
drive current capability. Since the address lines are always
driven by the 280 chip (unless presently unavailable bank
switching hardware is in use), a simple unidirectional buff-
er chip can be used for these signals as shown on Figure 1.
U2 on the buffer card is a 74LS244 which has an output
current drive capability of more than 20 milliamperes,

so this will support at least 50 expansion ports af only

one standard LS chip load is present on each line at each
port.

The buffering of the data lines presents more of a problem
since these lines are bidirectional. The buffering of the
data lines 1s accomplished by using a 74LS245 chip (U1)
which also has an output drive capability of more than 20
milliamperes, The data flow direction is controlled by the
logic provided by U4. The T4LS245 chip is always operating
in the data out mode unless a read on the port bus is req-
uested. this could cause complications when the 280 chip
requests a read of the ports controlled through the SCLD
chip, the sound chip, or the T/S 2040 printer. To prevent
loading of the internal data bus by Ul when a read of the
SCLD ports is requested, U5 is used to tri-state, or float,

the 7ULS245 when any of the port addresses FOH through FFH 2.2

are in use. All of the presently known 2068 internal funct-
dons are contained within this block of addresses. This
leaves a total of 240 I/O addresses available for periph-
eral units. These ports are in the range from #@H through
EFH,

Some additional lines were buffered on this card to isolate
the external ports from the internal 2068 hardware. the
clock, Mi, and RESET signals are buffered by a 7T4LS367 (U3)
chip, This chip was used instead of another T4LS244 to save
some real estate on the card to allow for the addition of

a real time clock/calendar port on the same card (Figure 2).
A l0uF capacitor was added to the unbuffered RESET line to
compensate for the lowered pull up resistance presented by
the TALS 367 chip (the 2068 internal pull up resistor is 220K
ohms).

The port buffer was constructed on a Zebra Systems experimen-
ters card using their expansion connector units. All of the
functions not shown on the schematic of Figure 1 were conn-
ected straight through from the female connector to the male
__eonnector card. The pins fro nector were not
t male | oF 3 t=

connected to ¢.
dons shown on Figure 1. See Figure 3 for connector mechanical
details. Independent input and output connections were pro-
vided as shown on the schematic. The +5 volt and +15 volt
pins on the female connector were cut off at the connector
to isolate the computer power from the I/O ports.

A -15 volt supply was added to allow use of operational
amplifiers and other analog type chips on A/D and D/A

ports, The -15 volts was tied to pin 5 on the bottom

of the connectors. This 1s a previously unused pin on

the expansion bus. Not shown on the schematic of the

port buffer card are the usual 0.01 to 0.1 uF capacit-

ors on the +5 volt supply pin for each chip on the board.

The external power supply was connected to the puffer card
through a 5 pin Molex connector, but these lines could

be hard-wired, if desired.

As noted before, if you are using a T/S 2040 printer, it
will be necessary to connect it between the computer and
the buffer card since it uses port FBH for its communicat—
ions,

At the present time I have a total of 8 I/O cards stacked
behind the 2068 computer (see photos). They contain the
following functions:

Card #1- I/O Port buffer and real time elock/calendar

Card #2- RGB Monitor interface and phoneme entry speech
synthesizer

Card #3- Text-to-speech synthesizer with exception word
EPROM added.

Card #4- 16 Channel A/D interface and paper tape
reader interface.

Card #5- Zebra Systems graphics interface

card #6- RS-232/ 20mA current loop interface(Zebra
Systems modified 2050 Modem card)

Card #7- T/S 2050 MODEM unit
card #8- AERCO printer interface

Cards 5 through 8 are commercial units while the first 4 are
home brew assemblies. A total of 47 port addresses within the

QOH to EFH range are presently in use with more peripherals
yet to come.

This stacking of I/O cards produces a lot of connectorization

put I have never had any problems with system crashes or other
problems due to connector wobble as reported for the T/S 1000 23
computers.

II of the funct=

Zebra Systems prototyping board
4

Zebra Systems Zebra Systems
input connector- output connector

remove this portion

for buffered signals

solder these
\ connections for all
cut the +5 and +15) non-buffered functions

volt leads here

FIGURE 3

CORE IN LINE 1 REM. OF CLOCK SET PROGRAM

ADDR. _DATA ____ OPCODE FUNCTION
685B ENTRY ES PUSH HL Save registers

685 DS PUSH DE

685D cs PUSH BC

4B5E 3EOF LD A,OF PIO set for output

6860 D3D9 QUT (D9) ,A FIG A port

6862 DSDB OUT (DB) ,A PIO B port

6864 3E40 LD A, 40 Clock HOLD command

6864 D3p8 OUT (DB) ,A Start HOLD on clock

6868 0E22 LDC, 34 150 uSec. delay for

686A DELAY OD DEC C HOLD setup

686B 20FD JRNZ, DELAY

686D 2iFOSF LD HL, SFFO Addr. for setup data
4870 16D8 LD D, D8 PIO A port data addr.
6872 IEDA LD E, DA PIO B port data addr.
6874 vane LD B, DO Starting clock chip addr.
6876 78 Lb A, B Clock addr. into A

6877 LOOP D610 SUB A, 10 Decrement by 16

6879 AT LD B, A Restore addr. to E

687A 7E LD A, (HL) Get ASCII data

6875 C610 ADD A, 10 Convert to BCD + HOLD
487D 4B Lp c, & * Get PIO B port data addr.
687E ED41 OUT (C), B Addr. to clock chip

6a80 40 Lp c, D Get PIO A port data addr.
6881 ED79 OUT (2), A Output BCD char. + HOLD
6883 ce10 ADD A, 10 Add write bit

6885 ED79 OUT (2), A Char. + WRITE + HOLD
6887 D610 SUE A, 10 Turn off write bit

68s? —ED79 OuT (2), A Output BCD char. + HOLD
6888 3 INC HL Next char. addr.

688C 78 LD A, B Get clock chip addr.
68aD a7 AND A Set flags

‘eBeE 20E7 JRNZ, LOOP Continue until done

4890 —D79 ouT (2), A Release HOLD on clock
6892 Ci POP BC Restore registers

6895 Di FOP DE

6894 Et POP HL

6895 co RET Done UPDATE July 1988

24 Extra Memory

“iy as evs! UPDATE July 1988

aw me: Extra Memory

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se LOY
BL Got:
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ee oe DA PLOB Dats
bed DB FIO B Gomme = D5
ic

UPDATE July 1988
Extra Memory

ims aan
t
AGRASHE
tere
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$79T S/L
Fe meg WOs Xd tof |
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Nenrwedty sigsdty $102

UPDATE July 1988

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CODE _IN LINE 1 REM. OF CLOCK READ PROGRAM

UPDATE July 1988
Extra Memory

ADDR DATA OPCODE FUNCTION
685B ENTRY ES PUSH HL Save registers

685C DS PUSH DE

85D cs PUSH BC :

685E SEOF LD A, OF PIO port B output only
6860 D3DB QUT (DED, A Set it up

6862 OED? LDC, D9 PIO port A command reg.
6864 21AASS LD HL, PIO Configuration table addr.
6867 0604 LD B, 04 4 byte transfer

6869 EDES OTIR Set up port A

6868 3E40 LD A, 40 HOLD bit for clock chip
686D D3D8 OUT (Da), A Send it

6B4F OE22 LD Cc, 22 150 uSec. delay routine
4871 DELAY OD DEC C for HOLD setup

6872 20FD JRNZ, DELAY

4874 6620 ADD A, 20 __Add READ bit
6876 D3pDB OUT (Da), A Send READ + HOLD

6878 1EDA LD E, DA PIO port B data addr.
6874 16D8 LD D, DB PIO port @ data addr.
487C 2IEFSE LD HL, SFEF First data store addr.-1
687F 0600 LD B, Co First clock chip addr.
6881 LOOP CDAESS CALL STORE Store data

6884 FS FUSH AF Store character

6885 78 LD A, B Get current clock addr.
6886 D610 SUB A, 10 Decrement it

4a8@ 47 LD B, A Put back into B

6889 FE7O cr A, 70 Is it 1's day adde.?
688B 2808 JRZ, MASK Jump if so

6seD FE4O CF A, 40 Is it 1's hours addr.?
688F 2807 JRZ, MASK Jump if so

6891 FEFO CP A, FO Is it done yet ?

6893 2808 JRZ, END If so, wrap it up

6895 FL POP AF Get ASCII data back

6896 18E9 JR, LOOP Continue until done

6898 MASK Fi FOP AF Get ASCII data back

6899 ESF AND A, FX Mask off AM/PM,24 hr,29 day
6898 1864 JR, LOOP Continue until done

689D END FL FOF AF Get ASCII data back

689E 0600 LD B, 00 Units seconds address
68A0 CDAE68 CALL STORE Store last data char.
68A5 AF XOR A Clear A

68A4 D3D8 QUT (Da), A Clear READ & HOLD

68A6 C1 POP BC Restore registers

6887 Di FOP DE

6848 Et POP HL

809 ce RET Done

684A PIO CF Select mode 3 on PIO chip
68AB OF Select 1/0 bits

68AC 37 Interrupt control byte
8AD FO Mask byte

S8AE STORE 77 LD (HL), A Store ASCII character
68AF + 23 INC HL Next addr.

S8B0 4B LDC, E Get FIO port B data addr.
68B1 ED41 OUT (C), B Clock chip addr. in B
6883 4A Lp Cc, D Get PIO port A data addr.
48B4 900000 NOP ‘s Wait for clock addr. delay
6887 ED78 IN A, (C) Get clock chip data

6889 E6OF AND A, OF Mask off bits 4-7

4885 [orate) ADD A, 30 Convert to ASCII

68ED ce RET Back to main routine

29

(BL)

iy io) 20

KRom

Note} FV wire = R
Quel wire = BLK

eatee e 4 Cut original cireurt traces tes
pin 20 of XROM socket
pin 35 of U4 Cartridge mcket)
—BUSISO Ine is vied te disnble XROM/DOCK backs
When an expension bank 1s active,

UPDATE July 1988
Extra Memory

30 Rev, £ |

Re PO Ts Lobe Modi Ficetiens to [|
Boe Provicle Prapre Aeldvers Decorting fer xReM Peer |
[Ro, oF sheers ren ser) |

to allow full vie o€ XROM bank aolelresses

PRINTED IN U.S.A.

<
a

"LARKEN DISK DOCTOR"

By George Chambers

This utility will be found useful in the inspection,
analysts, and correction of errors on disks used on
the LARKEN DD system, This utility 1s destgned for use
with the Larken 360K per disk I/F board.

Entering the I1sting 1s straight-forward, however
there are a couple of things which will not be evident
from the listing.

Firstly, there are a number of buried color codes in
the program which contribute to it's ease of use.

A buried color code is entered into a listing by
going into the "extended" mode, then pressing one of
the keys 0 to 7 (the color keys). This has the effect

—of-imnedtately changing the listing color. This-effect —--

also appears in program operation, which is why we are
doing it. This new PAPER color will continue through
the listing and the program, so it 1s necessary to
make a change back to the normal PAPER color
jmmediately after the effect is no longer wanted. 0o
this by entering a new color using the same routine.
Usually this will be the “extended mode" key 7, to
give a PAPER NHITE effect, If this command has been
inadvertently entered incorrectly it can be deleted
using the DELETE key in the normal manner except that
you will find that two operations of the DELETE key
are required,

Lines which require this color switch are as follows:
CH Tale” o
i ve 5
"RENOVE PROTECT TAB:
cams “while using Rename”
"2520 yellow: "ready?"
" 4060 green: “initial letter of each command”

we

jnitial letter of each command
letters Q and A
" 4640 yellow: initial letters of "Same" & "New"
"7601 Red: Remove WRITE PROTECT sticker"
You may also choose to highlight the REM statements.
(Don't forget to insert the"extended" mode 7 after
each of these entries)
Save the program by GO TO 110. Or to make it an
AUTOSTART program hy changing the line to read:
110 RANDOMIZE USR 102
The program makes use of the LARKEN “Hcode.C1" disk
00S routine, so it must be on the same program disk.
The program has been written to allow compilation by
TIMEHACHINE, Lines 120 and 2535 would need to be
removed however, due to the inability of TIMEMACHINE
to handle untquely LARKEN comands.

"4140 yellow:
4320 yellow:
"4350 yellow:

OPERATION:
Upon running the program you will be presented with

a menu offering 8 choices.

Option 1, will give a screen display of the USED/
IDLE status of all the tracks on the disk under
scrutiny. As written ft will handle OSDD disks
correctly.

31

UPDATE July 1988
Programming

option 2, 1s a Program Header Reader, which gives a
track by track report of programs on the disk,
Option 3, provides track Information about each
program on the disk taken from the directory track.
Option 4 provides the capability of examining and
modifying the data on a track, Most useful when used
on track 0; the directory track.

Option 5. Offers a program rename capability.
Option 6. A Disk Formatting routine.

Option 7, To select a particular drive.

Option 8. To quit this program, Calls up a Menu.él
program, Can be modified to suit needs.

The use of option 4 requires more explanation. It's
biggest-use-wi1¥-be-on-track-0-as-menttoned-earHers —
When Option 4 is called up you will be asked for a
track number, Most often wanted will be track 0, the
track whic holds the disk directory. Enter a 0, The
program then proceeds to load the contents of that
track into a buffer area in the computer starting at
address 45000, It is at this point that we can access
the buffer, inspect it, make changes to it, and resave
it, with or without changes as desired.

First we will briefly cover the makeup of track 0.
The first 168 bytes of this track are concerned with
disk status. After that comes a series of "cells"
containing a record of one of the programs that has
been saved on the disk. Each cell contains the program
name and the track numbers that the program occupies,
plus 3 or 4 markers used by the DUS to mark the
program location. Each cel] occupies 34 bytes. There
is room for as many as 100 such cells on this track
(though rarely are that many used). Towards the end of
the track is the disk name.

This is the briefest of outlines of the track
makeup; sufficient only to permit an explaination of
the use of the commands shown in option 4.

When Option 4 has been selected and track 0 chosen
you will be presented with a display of the contents
of that track starting with byte 0, This fs not
particularly interesting at the moment so press the C
(continue) key, This will advance you to the first
program name cell, The screen shows the first 17 bytes
of this cell. Pressing C again will display the next
17 bytes of the cell. Pressing C key a third time will
bring the first half of the second cell onto the
screen,

Te move back by one screen press the B (back) key.

Or, if you wish to move onto the start of the next
cell then press the € (etc) key. This will move you
forward by a complete name cell, rather than a half a
cell. If you wish to move forward even more quickly
then press the J (jump) key and you wil} advance by 5
cells,

If you press the D (dire) key you will jump forward
approximately 3600 bytes to where the Disk name is
stored. Or by pressing the T (top) key you wil] return

to the very start of the buffer where you first
entered, These commands then, control your movement
through the buffer.

Now to cover those commands which allow you to
modify the buffer,

Press the A (alter) key, and you will be presented
with the option “Name or Track". Choose N if you wish
to change a program name, or T if track numbers are to
be modified. A cursor will appear on screen, and you
can position it on the screen by using keys 0, A, and
ENTER, This will determine where the new entry is to
start. Then enter the destred changes. Terminate the
entry and you will see the changes you have made
reappear on the screen.

When you have made the desired changes you may then
__choose to save them to disk by pressing the S (save)

UPDATE July 1988
Programming

4138 PRINT AT VAL "21", 00;"Tracks Opens "3

fisa PRINT #25;"z to copy-Any other key For

menu"

4178 PAUSE 00

1188 core VAL ec rr LET iS=INKEYS

4199 IF ig=tzn COPY

1200 do TO VAL nggppt

22096 REM Program Header Reader

2818 LET m=00

2020 CLS : PRINT '" This option displays t
information saved on each block

B30" with the data."

ae RINT ''"TRACK = The track number on

aiag PRINT '''INAME - The File name is save
on _each block for reference only"
eas PRINT 1 INSTART, ~ The start address of
when saving cod
2800 PRINT P CERIN’ NCENGTH 2 The total le
ngth of the File."
g J60 PRINT #0;"Press any key when ready":

AUSE 00
a PRINT ' Or DER RI

key. You will be asked whether you wish to save the
buffer to the same track (usually) or to a new track.
The L (load) key permits you to load another track
{nto the buffer, while the M (menu) key will bring
back the main menu.

This has necessarily been a very abbreviated
description of the operation of this program, and it
may be adequate for some, If wish a more complete set
of instructions you may obtain these by sending $3 to
my address shown at the top of this listing.

4 REM George Chambers,
44 Richome Court
gh, Ontario

490 GO TO VAL "160"

Scarborou
CANADA MiK eY1

410 RANDOMIZE USR VAL '49m'T: SAVE "doctor
BA"

VAL "39999'T: RANDOMIZE USR VAL
nogre. LOAg (MHcode .c1""coue VAL "aggoo""

M
155 ter aslé =: LET oa=4: LET ob=2: LET oc=
3
480 LET dr. VAL "43301": LET dr=oo
188 LET Set ttack= crt
LET n rack=
Bua or VAL "4gggg""
VAL "49942"

AL "43301"

269 1 SutFersvaL "45000": LET bufflenth
VAL, Hel opte CET lasteell=VAL "asad": LET
diskname=4483
270 POKE dri
2g Let ise

sid
340 GO TO VAL Rsaaqn

REM Track Used/Free Routin
1a08 CLS : LET number=oo: GO UB VAL "7500
"

2 LET ot=c: LET ft=:

1249 FoR n=l =bofrertVAL wast TO buFFer+VAL bs
493"
4 T_ t=PEEK
1oe0 eT etvaL asn THEN LET n$=">Used":
LET Ft=Ft+oa: GOTO VAL '"41gag"
1070 IF t<>VAL east THEN LET n$="-Open":
4H5G PRINT TAB (c);(n-(bufFer+vAL 2a") )5T
AB (orob) ing; 7
1990 LE ng

@ IF c= SVAL "Je" THEN LET c=NOT c

pas,
prerere

Nexnre AT VAL "28",00;"Tracks Used: "j 3 2 2530 LET t=0a

aw

2100 PRINT. "TRACK NAME

START
2140 PRINT "anmnnnnnnnnnnnn nnn nanan naan

LENGT

320 PRINT AT VAL "24", VAL '7"3'(M returns
to menu)": PRINT AT 02,00
2138 POKE track,oa: RANOOMIZE USR settrack

2140 PRINT "8 Disk Directory Track"!
2150 FOR t=oa TO VAL "79"
2160 IF PEEK VAL "23689"<VAL "7" THEN GO
SUB VAL "234g"
2170 IF IN 16=00 THEN RANDOMIZE USR settr
376 RANDOMIZE USA igad
2198 PRINT PEEK (buffert+oa);TAB_VAL "5";
2209 IF PEEK (buffertoa)<>00 THEN ? IF PEE
K (buf Fertoa) ot THEN] PRINT : PRINT "Tra
or on Track

SS4pTE Peek TbuPrertosl=o8 THEN PRINT :
GO TO _VAL "e2egr
2220 FOR a=(buffertob) TO (buffer+19)
2239 PRINT CHRS PEEK 3;
2240 NEXT a
2259 PRINT TAB VAL "47"; PEEK (buf tertvaL Ld
AQ )+VAL M256UxPEEK (buffert+VAL Ht) 5
2260 PRINT TAB VAL "26"; PEEK (burrertVaL w
gen d+val, "BOG" PEEK (bu Fer+VAL_"23')

2270 RE! VAL "26's PEEK “(buf fer+
val wna aL hasettsPEEK (buffer+VAL "4a

2288 IF side=oa THEN LET t=t+oa: POKE tra
(PEEK track)+oa

S880 RANDONTZE USA nexttrack

2308 IF INKEY$= “mt? OR INKEY$S="M'"" THEN GO
TO VAL coe

2310 NE

XT

2320 NetnT “Last track=Press key for menu"
: PAUSE ao

2330 GO TO VAL "Saga"

2349 PRINT 'TAB oc;' Press z key to copy o

key & to clear Screen"
THEN GO VAL "e350"

zt" OR INKEYS2"2"" THEN GOP

¥,

2970 IF INKEYS="m'" OR INKEY$="M" THEN GO
VAL "5ggatt

2309 PRINT AT vat "4" ,oo;a$( TO VAL "544!")

PRINT AT o
3390 RANDOMIZE USR load
2409 RETURN
2500 REM Rename Program Routin
S549 CLS : PRINT AT-VAL "5", VAL "7"; "Remov
e Protect Tabs dite using Re
name.
3e7e PRINT TtRename = disk program

Insert disk"

2520 PRINT" ready7": Pau
2525 DIM x$( VAL alt eae x8
z$(VAL_"9''): DIM a jal tye

€
SFR tg): DIM

2535 CLS : PRINT USA VAL "Mga": Cale is
8549 INPUT "change_name from "5 rs
2545 CLS : PRINTS oe wa wag, nore Bit OTE:
Name search can 2 min.”

255@ GO SUB VAL FB6ion

2555 POKE Eragks oo RANDOMIZE USR settrack

: RANDOMIZE USR’ lo;
e560 For qepurrersVaL ™488" TO buffer+VAL

nase"

2565 IF PEEK AL "2g6" THEN, LET keiton:

FOR j=oa Tg T xB 01) =CHRS PEEK (i+j)
yS THEN! TNPUE "change ha

LINE x25) G0 TO VAL N2sag"

=

38 CLS: PRINT AT VAL "19" 00; "Progran n

ot Found:"!"Prese any key For menu': PAUS

E oo? GO TO VAL "Saab"

$500 FOR _izge TO VAL way: POKE k, CODE z$(i

Ji LET k=k+PI/PI: NEXT

2585 POKE track, oot FRANOOMIZE USR settrack

? RANDOMIZE USR’

2590 IF PEEK RQQVAL "253" THEN LET k=ktoa
GO To VAL "25a"

isos iF PEEK ({k+oa}=VAL "249" OR t>VAL "79
THEN GO TO VAL “e6ig"

__ 500 Ver eektoas 200

at Vag" THEN “Cet a(tJ=see<

zeae LET toa: GO TO VAL wesas"

2610 LI 0 TO VAL "eeep"

S15 TF altcditicale) THEN RANDOMIZE yur

nexttrack? RANDOMIZE USR load: GO TO VAL

126:

2620 POKE track a(t): gRANDOMIZE USR settre

ck: RANDOMIZE USR load

2625 FOR l=oa TO at BORE buffer+1+1,CODE 2
$(1): NEXT 1
sese RANDOMIZE USR save

5 LET t=ttoa: IF a(t)<>oo THEN GO TO V
aL Rees"
2640 CLS : PRINT PAPER ob;

INK 7 pt
WItErom Hiysst to

$
Ene PRINT #0) "Press Bren to enema: anoth

has been renamed

or Mint! For Mai
S659 PRUSE 00 oo! IF INKEY$=1 CARS 13 TeENS ‘so
TO 2515

26SS 82, uy VAL "Spoe""

2660 S

3008 Rew” Dir Analysis Routine

3010 CLS : LET number=oo: GO SUB VAL "7526
3920 LET fn=o0: LET d=o00: LET n=buffer+VAL
48

apn” PRINT #1;"z=copy c=cont m=menu t=t

Bsa IF PEEK VAL "23689"'<6 THEN PRINT AT

90,00;a$: PRINT AT 00,00;"* Directory / F

ile Data Report #"

3060 LET fn=fntoa

Bee PRINT "Filename "3fn3":";TAB 13;
3082 LET n=ntoa

3090 IF PEEK n=253 THEN GO _TO VAL eontae
3100 IF PEEK n=VAL "254"! THEN GO a

PRINT PAPER SsCHRS PEEK nj: PAPER 7
GO TO VAL "3gag"

PRINT TAS 00;"Tracks used:
LET Ft=00

ter ft= Pee
iF PEEK neva "24s" THEN GO

3
310 PRINT (PEEK sys
c=ctoc
VAL i
5 EME Rey, name celi'
Seen

VAL
3240 PRINT 1fE-oa;" "sbufflenth;" Byte) BL
s

3380 PRINT, Neen nnn nnn nnn nnn nnn nena: wenn
ANI D

C
3260 ter n=n+1
3270 IF n=buffert+iastcell THEN PRINT
st name cell.Press m For menu't: PAUSE
GO TO VAL "Sagg"
3280 IF PEEK n=e55 THEN GO TO 3302
3290 GO TO 3260

TO VAL

MLSs
eo:

3.3

AND PEEK k<V Saag

UPDATE July 1988
Programming

rece 23658,08:

LET i$=INKEYS
sft HEN Cony
co" THEN GO TO 3950
m' THEN GO TO 50g0
t'' THEN GO TO 320
é 18 3500
4900 REM Track Manipulation

~ Routines

4019 CLS : LET m=o0

4920 PRINT "Examine which track? (g-79)"
4030 INPUT number

4949 GO suB VAL "75p0"
4050 GO TO VAL "agag"
4960 BORDER 7: PRINT
k cont, dire etc jumps

4878 RETURN
4982 Cl

aasa 6b SUB 4960
4190 FOR n=buffer TO buffer+bufflenth STEP

4
Red PENT AT 0,6; PAPER 6;"Reading track

Tent
Bien’ PRIRT AT aa” "GAT 1,43 "addr

INK 7;#0;" alter bac
load’ menu name se

ma

epyte_cnegt
_x=n_TO_n+: -

4149 PRINT x;TAB 93 xcbufferi iTAB 17;PEEK

WN STAB 257! PRINT CHRS PEEK x AND (PEEK?
x34 “AND: BEEK me teay gin ANO (number=@ A
ND PEEK x>248 ANO PEEK x<256);: PRINT '

4150 NEXT x

4460 GO To 4169

4170 NEXT n

4180 POKE B36sa, O: LET ig=ttt: LET i$=INKEY
AND n<=58111 THEN GO TO 41
THEN GO TO 4990
THEN GO TO 4319
THEN GO TO 4630
HEN GO_TO Sada
THEN LET n=buffer+171: GO

4250 IF_i$="e™ AND n<=S0994 THEN LET n=nt
17: ee TO_4170

260 IF is="b' THEN LET n=n-34: GO TO 417
4270 IF iS=t"j" AND n<=a9924 THEN LET n=n+
187: GO TO 417

rg a eo THEN LET n=buffertdiskname
azsa IF iS="t" THEN LET n=buffer-17: GO T
4300 GO TO

4310 IF TNkeyeeome THEN, 60, TO 4340

4320 POKE 23658,0: LET : PRINT AT 20,
@;"Change Name ér Track” N/T? ": LET ig=

oP IF i$<>"n't AND i$<>!t'" THEN GO TO 43
4328 IF INKEY$<>""" THEN GO TO 4340

4350 PRINT AT 49,03" Select Start addre
keys Q, A, and ENTER"

4360 LET reir “LET 2-3

4370 PRINT AT 2,163 FLASH 15"2"; FLASH @

4385 IF INKEY$=faM"’ AND 2<18 THEN LET y=y+

43 PRINT AT 2,465" ";AT 241,163 FLASH 43%

>") FLASH @: LET z=z+4

4380 IF ENKEYS="g" AND 2>2 THEN. LET

y PSENT AT 2) gsi SsAT 2-1, 16) FLASH HN"
ak FLASH ee

=41
a ue rhkeye chine 13 THEN LET addr=y: &

faig GO TO 438g

4420 IF addr<buffer OR addr>bufflenth THEN
PRINT AT 20,0;"Address out of Fangel!"P

ress any key to’re-enter": PAUSE : GO TO

4430 IF i$="t" THEN PRINT AT 19,93; INK_2;
En

eae FES) to Step,
4aag TE i erat THEN INPUT "Enter Prgm Nam
e: "sn$s

60
4aso TF sent Tred INPUT "Enter Track nu
mber: "32:

TO 4470
ggee IF’ epee AND z$<>'"'n" THEN GO TO 44

4470 IF z=2968 THEN GO TO 4580

4489 IF PEEK addr=255 OR PEEK addr=2e53 THE
N PRINT AT 20,4; INK qilovarwriting ama
rker at "yaddr;TAB 32'"00 you wish to con

tinue? by/a nj": INK @: PAUSE @
4485 POKE 23658, @: IF INKEYS="n"" THEN GO

[a] oe Ke addr ,z
4500 IF _z=249 tHEN
4510 LET addrsaddr+1
4820 GO TO 4450
4530 FOR a=1 TO LEN n&

asap TF PEEK addrse5e OR PEEK addr=253 On
PEEK addr=249 THEN PRINT AT 20,4; INK 23
"Overwriting a marker at ";addr}TAB
De you wish to continue?(yJnj":° INK B: PA

Cl
aea5 ae 23658,0: IF INKEY$="n'"! THEN GO

4550 POKE addr,CODE n$(a)
4560 LET addr=addr+1

4578 NEXT a
4580 CLS : GO SUB 4960: GO TO 4119
THEN LET p$=p$( TO LEN

GO TO 458g

UPDATE July 1988

Programming
S020 PRINT INK 1;"You are in Drive "ydrs
6230 PRINT "Disk Name : ";
6040 tee LS VAL Nagao"
6050 Li INKEY$: IF INKEY$=""' THEN GO
Poe vaL™ tepep"
6g60 IF ae ne

Oo THEN GO TO VAL "6g5g't

-6070 BEEP
6280 IF OBE Pasta THEN PRINT CHR$ 8; CHAS
32;CHR$ 8;: LET m=m-o00: GO TO VAL ugh3on

6099 IF CODE OS ayAL "226" THEN POKE m,oo:
GO TO VAL "64

GO TO VAL "5139"
10 TO VAL "695g"

5@ POKE m,oo: PAUSE VAL Aone ie cLS
618@ Poke VAL "43312",00; REM 6=0 12=1 20

=2 39=3
6202 INPUT "Head speed 6 12 20 30 MS ? "3h
8210 IF HG OR h=12 OR h=20 OR h=3d THEN

tS}

614

612!

6130 te INK! yeep THEN
pe Gl

Agee IF LEN p$
2 piggr
35psi

4600 PRINT AT Li O42:
4610 ad F ENKG Tg oo" THI GO TO 4610

4630 oP INKEYS<>"""" THEN, GO TO 4630
4649 POKE 23658,8: LET i$=INKEYS
4650 INPUT WSavé to Same or New track? "si

$
4660 IF TNKEY SCH THEN 60 ue 4660
4670 IF ="s" THEN GO TO

i ast tt THEN GO TO 4580

<>tst OR i$<dttn"! THEN GO TO 464

17)
4700 GO SUB VAL "76gg"'
GO TO VAL "4gaa"
INPUT "New track number? "3 number
4750 IF INKEYS<>"" THEN GO TO VAL "4750"
4760 IF number>VAL "79" THEN GO TO VAL "4

4770 GO SUB VAL. "760"
4786 GO_TO VAL es a

4730 LET p$=p$( T
4800 PRINT a Vat oWaBN, Vac Hap; pSsiszs 5
PAPER VAL 't7""
4819 GO TO VAL 4730"
4820 COPY
4630 GO SOTO VAL naten"
5010 BORDER. “ob? INK oo: PAPER 6: CLS
5820 PRINT OISK DOCTOR vee
est
5030 PRINT ' For the TS 2968
and LARKEN DSK4a¢

G.F. Chambers"

5944 PRINT AT VAL "5", VAL "4'3!"4, Tracks U
sed/Free" .

I5@ PRINT '!? 2. Program Header Reader"!
5@68 PRINT ''" 3. Dae sekory. Analysis"
5070 PRINT "tt 4. Examine/Modify a Track
598 PRINT !!" 5S. Rename a Pro pam"
5090 PRINT ''" 6. Format a Dis!

S100 PRINT 10 7. Select Drive (Now Orv
Ry FLASH oajdr; FLASH 903'7)""
si1p PRINT It) 6, Exit'ta Main Disk Menu

5120 PRINT ttt
S130 PAPER 73
igs"

>";"PRESS A KEY'': PAUSE
LET LESEMKEYS
" OR i$>

Ba "8" THEN GO TO VAL '"
5150 IF i THEN GO TO VAL "1990"
S160 IF i THEN GO TO VAL "egg"
5170 IF i THEN GO TO VAL "3990"
5180 IF i THEN GO TO VAL ‘4ggg"
51908 THEN GO TO VAL "espn
ee ae Bey Ne sas Be
521g IF igau7" 7 josaS( TO
32): Go Sup VAL eotpt: Ngo to VAL *Sao0"

5220 IF i$="e" THEN GO TO VAL "8900"

5300 STOP

6998 GO SUB VAL "8919's PAPER 7: CLS : PRI

NT BE CRUAL PROGRAM fi CN esas osk4ga"

6019 PRINT ; PRINT DISK NAME OR OT

SK GESCaTP-TZON uP ton \o00 CHARACTERS. .
ESS DELETE TO BACKSPACI ESS

'sTOR! TO END OISK NAME

ces TO-VAL
3228 GO TO VAL. ergeao"
8258 IF h=6 THEN LET
6240 a h=12@ THEN LET
28 TEN LET
iF ‘30 THEN LET
6270 POKE VAL ''43312",a
6289 INPUT "Number of’ Sides "Sa
6299 IF a=oa THEN GO TO VAL fesog"
6300 IF a=ob THEN GO TO VAL "6329"
L e62ag""

AT 8,838;"’ Sided"?
INPUT "Number Of Tracks "sa
6350 POKE VAL "45317",

6362 PRINT AT 9 B3a3n? Tracks"

6378 INEUR "Ok Format "5n$

6380 IF npcoryn THEN CLS ! PRINT “OK TO R
8396 RANDOMIZE USR VAL nagaoay

6400 CLS : BEEP .2,10: BEEP .2,-2

8410 GO TO VAL wipbo"

7580 BEM Load a Track

7511 POKE track,number: RANDOMIZE USR sett
racks pe NQOMEZE USR load

7550 Al

7600 REM venve a Tra

7601 CLS 3; PRINT Al fa 6;'"Writing to track

"snumber! '""" Remove WartE PROTECT sticke
5803 IF INKEYS<Su THEN” GO’TO 7603

7604 PAUSE oo

7611 POKE track,number: RANDOMIZE USR sett
Peck? oe CRADLE USR save

8020 STOP.

89108 INPUT "Drive @ to 3 7 "3h
8920 LET dr=h

8025 LET oa

8930 LET h=2e*h

8048 FOKE drive,h

3520 RANDOMIZE USR VAL "19g":
99980 SAVE "doctor.B1""

LOAD "menu.B

Note: This excellent LARKEN
program cannot be included in
July/April Issue disk because
the disk space is maxed out and
there is no space left. But not
to worry! This and another
absolutely GREAT Disk Manager
program (for next issue) will be
included in the next issue disk,
along with some Larken programs
by Larry Kenny.

34

The BUDGET SOFTWARE, PART IT
Continuation from the April UP-DATE issue

This BIG software began in the April issue.
Some repetition is included for convenience of

reading. There are several ways of attacking this
group of programs. You can key in the listings,
which will give you a operating BUDGET and

SPREADSHEET program “in basic". Then you can use
the TIMACHINE compiler program to convert the two
Basic programs into fast running Machine Code. This
will require you to have or to buy the Timachine
software from Novelsoft or a distributor. You could
use a different Basic to MC Compiler, but if you do
you'll be on your own! Of course, the easy way and
likely the most practical is to order the April
Issue disk to get the fully operational software
(and a bunch of other programs and utilities).

with Timachine,
college semester on programming, except there are no
tests (but no Girls either!). At my age the latter
poses no problem of social signficance. If going
this route, use the Check Sum tables given in the
April and this issues for the two programs that are
to be compiled. There are two things to watch for.
One is the similarity of the characters "i" (eye),
™" (el), and "1" (one). Take a look on page 9-18
of the April issue, Line number 40. Notice the
difference in the number 1 (one) and lower case "L".
There is a difference but it is small. Also notice
in line 320, that "i" can be mistaken for lower case
"Ey

There is one more key-in error to watch for.
Several LET and PRINT statements must be entered in
the INVERSE mode (HOLD CAPS SHIFT and touch 4) after
the first quote, then (CAPS SHIFT and touch 3)
before the last QUOTE. These highlight the menus,
Line numbers that require this INVERSE print are the
LET and PRINT lines of the BUDGET.BJ program: lines
470, 480, 490, 2250, 2620, 2930, 3080, and 3240.
Bach failure to use INVERSE in these lines will
result in the check sum table being off 4 bytes for
each omission. The check sum table is given in ten
line groups. Type CLEAR ENTER, then PRINT FREE.
The check sum will not be accurate unless you
started the key in project with a cleared computer
(OFF and then ON) and 38652 FREE bytes. Loaded Code
programs, such as a printer driver code, will throw
Of£ the check sum figures. Solve this by OFF, then
RE-LOAD.

‘The "SPREAD.BJ" program (given in this issue)
is the second BASIC program listing which already
includes the Timachine commands needed for COMPILING
the Basic program into Machine Code. The Compiler
conmands begin with (REM!) and can be entered
directly in each line as given. Once finished with
the program Key-in, SAVE it to Disk or Cassette.
Then LOAD the TIMACHINE program and pick up the
instructions given in Bob Mitchell's Documentation
in this issue "Part II". I would advise that you
NOL make any program changes for your first attempt
at keying in and compiling the SPREAD.BU program.
Later, after the whole integrated program group is
checked out, you can then feel confident to go back
and make custom changes to the two Basic programs
"BUDGET.BJ and SPREAD.BJ", and re-compile these
custom programs which includes your changes.

Now to discuss the additions made by UP-DATE

~adapted.
set of programs.

UPDATE July 1988
Programming

the two ancillary LOADER and DISK MENUS. For
identification, Bob calls “budget.Bx" a "loader /
manager". UP-DATE's listings names this “BUDGET.B1"
and gives three different DOS versions. It was
found that some conflicts existed when a previously
Yoaded CODE program had not been eliminated before
loading the budget and spread code programs from
disk. Therefore, the "Cclear" CODE program was
added to clear memory when the budget program is
first loaded. See "Cclear explanation in this

issue. Also, the re-set of RAM TOP was not
included. The large budget and smaller spread codes
are loaded without change of RAM TOP. This

eliminated a chancy stoppage report of “out of

memory" with one of the DOS versions.

The DISK MENUS: Bob made mention of adding a
disk menu, and UP-DATE added one for each of the
three DOS versions. These disk menus can easily be

"to other_uses_for coordinating a_dif ferent
In this instance, each of the Disk
Menus give more options and allows you to place the
Budget software on stand-by to do other computer
functions. Beware of the fact that there isn't much
FREE memory to add other programming lines.
However, the menus are designed so that if you
should happen to overwrite the Budget Code, it can
be brought back in to resume. You would just lose
the data "in the program that was in memory". Start
up can be by loading either BUDGET.B1, or Menu.B1
first. The Issue Disk uses a jazzy kaleidoscope
auto boot utility, which also can be re-used for
other effects.

The Budget Program ensemble takes up a lot of
space in UP-DATE, is NOI a simple "week end key~in
project", but does provide an extensive and complete
software system to explore over a long period of
time. Please feel free to call or write if you get
stuck on something. | For those of you who really
want to delve into the programming, sufficient
documentation is given to use your imagination and
make this BUDGET software into a variety of
different Spreadsheet applications. Be Bob
Mitchell's guest! By the way, I changed to a new
print wheel that gives a better Character "i" (eye),
but alas, the ones (1) ami lower case "L" look the
same. So, I will circle lower case "L" in the
listings when not obvious. If used alone and not
circled, its a "1" (one).

The Aerco proode is used for the LARKEN DOS
and the AERCO FD-68 DOS versions. For Larken DOs,
this is the early cassette code as supplied with the
Aerco printer interface (starting address 64000 and
800 bytes). For the FD-68 DOS, the code is that
supplied with the Aerco FD-68 and Jack Dohany's
"RALOADER" program, which is re-locatable (Starting
address is 64500 and is 867 bytes). For both see
the utility program listing "INIT" given in this
issue.

Bob Mitchell's documentation which follows
contains a notation at the top left corner of pages.
This is the TASWORD file program which contained the
text sent to UP-DATE by Bob, The print outs of the
docunentation were done with the utility "MS~-TAS"
(Listing is given in this issue). Next will be
given the "SPREAD.CJ" basic listing to be compiled
by use of TIMACHINE, and following that will be Bob
Mitchell's “Part II” documentation, and finally the
Basic loader "BUDGET.B1" and the Disk Menu "Menu.B1"
will be given. The utilities "MS-TAS" and "INIT" are
included in the April Issue Disk", along with the
complete BUDGET ensemble and several more programs.

for the three Disk Operating Systens. This involves 7 _ See the April Tssue Catalog given elswhere.

3. Copies of the Tasman utility “taswide" and the "tasword" word

Code pgm, "bujJ3.CI"33280, 11200

DOCUMENTATION FOR BUDGET
PART IT
By Bob Mitchell, Willowdale, Ontario,
Provided to TS Update Newsletter
(Revision dated 880414)

WHAT UEILTIES YOU WILL NEED ====s====:

1. A copy of the BASIC compiler "Iimachine” (the amended version

that handles the *D and *E routines properly) to compile
"budget" and "spread".
2. A Centronics printer interface code; “budget.Bx" as shown

uses the "aerco" pecode or, alternatively, the Larken extenied
BASIC printer code contained in its EPROM cartridge.

processor program are optional. With these you can type up some
help pages and recall them when needed to refresh your menory
while using "budget". Hore on that later.

‘THE MAIN PROGRAMS =:

4. ‘There are three programs:

a) budget.Bx expanded “Loader/nanager" or input/output
program; this will NOT be compiled.

for compilation; change the category names
in line 590 to suit your needs, before you
do the compilation. Pad out each name in
this line with spaces to a total length of
ten.

also for compilation; change line 8250 to
match the names in line 590 in your
version of budgst.BJ. No extra spaces will
be needed in line 8250. This program will
run slowly in BASIC providing you are
using the Larken cartridge or Aerco
*proode.Cl".

b) budget.BI

¢) spread.Bo

= THE LOADER/MANAGER ==2ssssecusss=sssssess

5. TYPE IN THE LOADER, "budget.Bx". Check your typing carefully
and SAVE it to disk (GO TO 310); then SAVE it to tape. You may
want to make the loader into your autostart program, This option
is not on the menu but is located at line 400 (for Larken).

===== BUDGET COMPILATION

6. Now restart your 2068 (turn power off, then on ~~ disk drive
gate OPEN!) and LOAD TIMACHINE. Remember! You must have the
corrected version of Timachine. Then LOAD the TAPE version of
"puget that you saved earlier (the one with no budget values).
Make the change to line 590 explained above (para 4b). Compile
the progeam; you will have to SAVE TT TO TAPE in the two parts
(*D and *B) mentioned earlier . Make sure your 2040 printer is
turned on so that you get a printout of the runtimes and
variables generated by Timachine during the compilation process.

7. Save this Timachine printout (with variable m/c addesses)
for future use. Restart the 2068 and LOAD the TWO parts to the
CORRECT ADDRESSES as instructed by the Timachine prompts. RUN
the program by entering RANDOMIZE USR 32000. If you do not
initialize via 32000 you will get strange results later as some
variables will not be set up. If all is well, you should have a
pull down menu on the screen. Enter the Date and budget Year to
complete this menu.

8. LOAD "budget.Bx" from disk and check the USR addresses and
the SAVE code length in it to ensure they are what you got frow
your Timachine print-out. You will have two entry point
addresses, one of which is 32000 and the other which is
generated by the second REM I OPEN # which should be 37166, If

36

UPDATE July 1988
Programming

it is a different address, then you have altered the length of
the program and you will have to change <37166> in loader” lines
190 & 260 to your new second entry point address. Snsure that
the code length in loader line 40 for the SAVE represents the
total of the cade lengths from the *D and *E parts plus the
length set aside for machine code variables. The latter is the
area that will hold the budget amounts. Now ReSAVE "budget.Ex"
to disk and just to be safe, to tape, too.

%
entire year. It is best to work these out on paper first!
enter the actuals for the year so far.
displays at this point and if you are satisfied,
compiled program with your budget amounts li

in the loader. A SAVE to TAPE would also
out by powering dom and LOADing "budiget.Bx"
"budget.cJ" using option 2.

10. When you QUIT "budget" you return to the loaders you can get
back to the budget program by using the restart option 4.
Nothing will happen when you do this unless budget is loaded.
Next time you LOAD budget from the disk, use option 2 to dump
all the data for viewing or further ontries. You can start
afresh (with no data) using Option 1. If you don't want to use
help routines take out lines 185 and 186; and change "6" to "5"
in line 150. If you are using Larken DOS then delete line 330;
remove the token <RED fram lines 65 and 333 and change line 196
to read <IF k$="5" AND PEEK 32000=205 THEN CLS: RANDOMIZE USR
58400: GO TO 60>.

Now you are ready to enter your budget amounts for the
Next,

Check out the varicus
SAVE the

=== SPREADSHEET =:

11. Rey in the spreadsheet progran "spread.BJ". Change the DATA

in Line 8250 to match your budget program category names. No
extra spaces are needed here.
12. T€ you have changed the length of “budget" at all, some

changes will be needed. Examine your Tinachine printout for
"budget" and locate the arrays indicated in lines 9340 to 8370.
Change variable <first> to the address of each array in turn.
Change variable <last> to the address of the next variable on
the printout minus 1, Next, locate the arrays shown in lines
8590 ard 8600. Change the variable <i> in each case to the
address for that array minus 60. Now, SAVE “spread” to tape and
to disk (GO TO 9000 for the latter).

13. Spreadsheet is now ready for use. If you intend to compile
it with Timachine, jump to para 14 below and disregard the rest
of this para. You may merge “spread.BJ" with the loader
"budget.Be" and use it as a BASIC program enticely. You will
have to change <RANDOMIZE USR 58400> TO <GO SUB 8000> in line

195 of the loader. Change line 8620 of "spread.BJ" to read <GO
TO 60> in Lieu of <STOP>, There will be some other mince changes
to do after the MERGE: DELETE line 335; CLEAR 29000 in line 400
will not be high enough if you want to SAVE this as an AUTOSTART
The

version (Larken); try 30000 or higher. Delete line 9000.
spreadsheet will print out quite slowly so be patient.

seuusuaacscscscessss SPREADSHEET COMPILATION

14. O€ course, compilation is the way to go! LOAD Timachine and
then "spraad" from your tape. Do the compilation and SAVE it
according to Timachine instructions. Restart the computer and
LOAD "spread. CJ"CODE 58400. SAVE it immediately to your disk as
"spcead.GJ"CODS 58400,length; where the latter is the length
shown in the Timachine SAVE instruction at the end of your
printout: <SAVE "Vc" CODE addcess,length>.

1S. Now restart the computer and try what you have done. LOAD
‘the loader “budget.Bx" and use option 2 to LOAD your budget
code "budget.cJ"; make sure your printer is ready and then use
option 5 to print out the spreadsieets. Each of the four sheets
should print out in about two minutes.

code pgm, "bujJx.CI"33280,2944

60

65

180

185 & 186

SAVE budget with data fron mens option 3.

code length 25923 is the sum of the *D and *E
parts and the bytes for m/c variables from the
Timachine compilation.

The menu (Budget Input/Output) starts here; ON
ERR RESET restores the BREAK facility which ON
ERR GO TO activates elsewhere ; CLOSE #2
restores channel 2 to normal; OUT 127,18
restores the wide printer font to normal PICA
size; POKE 26703/4 restores Lprint to the 2040
printer.

Larken extended BASIC commnd to restore Lprint
to normal 2040 printer. This line is inactive
due to <REM>.

SAVE will not take place unless Budget is loaded
due to PEEK 32000 which must be 205.

Print “help” routine called here, You must have

190

195

220-240
250-270
290
310
330
333
335
400

Code Pam,

8000-8030

8050-8210
3250-8260

8270

3280-8620

8630-8780

taswide on your disk as well as the telp
program. If you BREAK, action goes to line 186
due to ON ERR in line 185, then restores font to
normal Sinclair and prints a bottom line promt
"ENTER".

Restarts "budget" complete with all data; this
will not work if budget is mot loaded. Check
that the address 37166 is still the correct
second entry point from your Timachine
operation.

This line is set up to reload the serco preode
which will be destroyed only if the help routine
is called. If you are not incorporating the help
routine, this line can be changed to remove the
comands to reload proce ami do the POKES
stow.

Initializing routine.

Load budget with all saved data.

Save roubine starts; goes to line 40.

Save the loader,

Load the Aerco print code.

Optional use of Larken print coie.

Load the spreadsteet compiled code.

Autostart save (Larken).

-30-

"bu jds.CI" 33280-2048

SPREADSHEET -- PROGRAY BREAKDOWN

Timachine instruction.
Print Using routine.
DATA for t$(19,10). The 19th is for "DOIALS>>"

Set the parameters for Print Using routine. The
value of u$ is set to cater to numbers as large
as 999999,99 which in the budget program will
handle up to $9999.99 ard still leave a space
between colums (months) to make the spreadsheet
more readable.

‘The Print Spreadsheet routine, This routine uses
two FOR, ..NEXT loops <i> and <q which, £or each
of the four types of spreadsheets, look at the
machine code fron <first> to <last> in STEPs of
60 and PEEK out the five bytes of each floating
point number (lines 8410-6450) jit then mves to
the sub routine at 8630 to turn these into a
printable decimal number (ie, with dollars and
cents). Note the boolean logic used in Lines
9310 and 8490.

Coversion of floating point nunbers to decinals
for the printout.

-30-

Bob Mitchell 880415

Gifts

Groceries:

Bousing:

Insurances

Leisure:

Mise. +

Personal:

Vacation:

37

__Including——_cards,..

UPDATE July 1988
Programming

The Code pam, “help.CI"32280,3968

BUDGET CODING SHEET dated 880411

Expenditures by Category
Major items such as furniture,
renovations. Others in Misc.

appliances,

Including accessories: purses, wallets.

Do not include costs paid by insurance,etc.
Insurance premiuns in Insurance.

Including water heater rental or repair.

Including any maintenance.

_weapping, charitable _
donations, Christmas cards and wrap.

ALL food ard non-food items (except Liquor,
beer and wine whethor purchased at
supermarkets, drug stores or other grocery
outlets,and including health care items (but
not patent medicines) .

insurance,
furnace

Mortgage or rental costs, home
repairs to major appliances (but
repairs in Gas).

Premiums for home, car, medical, dental, life,
unemployment ani other insurance policies.

Dining out, take-out food, movies, VCR movies,
movies, Cable TV rental, — entertainment
equipment and entrance fees.

Used at home.

Prescriptions drugs (less costs paid by
insurance); patent medicines, doctor and
hospital bills (less costs paid by insurance).

General items such as magazines, newspapers,

stamps, Lucaya fees, stall housetold items
(apply sales tax rebates here).

Magazines, hairdo's, perfune and other
cosmetics, hobbies (computers, photography,
sports).

Including purchase of telephones, recorders,

etc., used with telephone services.

Realty taxes.

(ar costs including insucance, parking costs,
public transit and taxis, car and drivers
licences, air,train and bus tickets.

Telephone, lodgings and food on trips, home~
sitting, (car costs in transportation)

=10-

UPDATE July 1988
Programming

VARIABLES

‘THE TABLES cae

Numeric arrays
: (18,12) PLANNED values per category per month.
Table 1 is a break-down of the "budget" program identifying its e(18,/12) ACIUALS values per category per month.

najor parts along with some useful sub routines which might be — m(18,12) TOTALS YTD PLANNED per month per column (category) -

incorporated in other programs. (18,12) TOTALS YTD PLANNED per category per Line (month).
u(18,12) ‘TOTALS YTD ACTUALS per category per line.,

Table 2 is a break-down of the "spread" progam. This program (18,12) TOTALS YTD ACTUALS per month per column.

contains a PRINT USING routine and a conversion routine to

change floating point numbers to their decimal equivalents. — k(18) TOTALS (PLANNED or ACTUALS) for graph routine.
(18) Pie chart array used to calculate sectors.

Table 3 is an optional RELP routine which Larken users may add — q(18) Bar chart array used to calculate bars.

to your disk and called up from “buiget.Bx"; this gives (18). Pie chart acray used to calculate sectors.

suggestions on allocating different types of expenditures to the (18) Pie chart array used to calculate sectors.

18 categories. You should tailor your own help routine to suit
your chosen category nanes. I used Tasword to type in this table String arrays
and ‘Taswide to call it up in 64 characters-per-line format; the $(18,10) Category names.

larken conmand PRINT USR 100: PRINT “help.cI" allows the help — o§(32) 32 spaces for erasing.
coutine to be displayed on the screen without interfering with m$(12,3) Month names (3-letter abbreviations).
the budget program, See “"budget.Bx" lines 185 amd 186 for — t8(3,11) —1=PLANNED; 2=ACIUALS; 3=COMPOSITE
details. (all in INVERSE VIDEO)
le 4 is a break-down of the loader program. “Strings eis ai oa ES =
; es Mer item fcom DATA lines (Line 300).
fob Mitchell 880415, 3s ‘Temporary store for t$() in graph display.
-30- ks INKEYS.
ng File name.
Code pgm, "bujJb.CI"33220,8320 os Menu item from DATA Lines (T.ine 5AM).
$s Input control.
BUDGET ~~ PROGRAM BREAKDOWN s$ Justification workspace.
xS Date.
20 First entry point with Timachine (used only when y$ Year " YY
initializing a new year budget. 2g Input control.
110-180 Add zeros.
200-280 Menu outline; sub of menu routine at 300. Numeric (excluding FOR. ..NEXT)
300-400 Print menus (370-400 controls menu cursor). bal Worksteet balance (actuals input).
420 Set array sizes. of Continue flag used in display menu.
430-550 Set variables. cf2 Continue flag used in inputting Planned.
360-570 Load b$() with category nanes. c Colum nunber.
580-630 DATA lines for sone menus. cr Counter.
590 NOTE SPACES TO PAD OUT ALL DATA ITEMS TO TEN 4 Category number.
CHARACTERS IN LENGTH. e Length e$ used in menus.
$50-690 Move menu cursor down. exch Currency exchange rate.
700-740 Move menu cursor up. exp Expense during inputting Actuals.
750-820 Data input totaling. max Mex value for graph.
930-850 Data totaling for display. gc Graph category (PLANNED or ACTUALS).
360-870 Calculate totals for graphs. gt Graph type (PIE or BAR).
900-910 Calculate k() array for totals (planned or of Graph flag (flags are used in branching).
actuals). k Keypress value in menu operation,
920-1310 Right. justify screen display of integer values kl Derived from k in cursor move routine.
of arrays and totals. 1 Month number.
1060-1070 Print negative values in PLASHing RED; others Jo Flag used in justification routine.
in normal colours. loc Location in printing bar charts.
1320-1440 Change PLANNED values, one by one. nl Derived from rl.
1460 Second Timachine entry point. Used after nin Minimun in graphs.
initializing to preserve all data. n Month number used in YTD totaling.
1470-1630 Main menu. ° Value used in DRAWing menu outline.
1640-1700 Menu for input of PLANNED data. ol Ditto.
1710-1760 —_Inpute values for whole year. . ‘Temp store for month number.
1770-1800 ‘Totaling PLANNED data for each category. pe No. of items for menu.
1810-1870 | Geand-totaling PLANNED data for all categories. py-Px ¥ and X coords for pcinting menu.
1880-1919 Set. buxdget_year. pw Max item width for given menu.
1920-2040 Menu for Display routines. pp Print position for graphs.
2050-2400 ‘Display PLANNED data. pe Integer of percentage.
2410-2730 Display COMPOSITE data. rl Radius of pie chart.
2740-3000 Display ACTUALS data. 8 Totaling (summation).
3010-3360 Display CATEGORY data. 2 Totaling actuals.
3370-3790 Input ACTUALS data. sad ‘Totaling for actuals graphs.
3800-3970 Display Menu for Graphs. ead ‘Totaling for planned graphs.
3990-4750 Pie chart routine. sb Totaling planned.
4760-4960 Table displays. sca Seale used in bar graph.
4970-5400 Bar chart routine. sf Totaling planned for year.
3410 fd Timachine compilation area ss Integer value of array item.
sss Integer YTD PLANNED percentage.
st Array type to be generated as s$.
st3 Integer of t3.
3 Derived £ron sa2 or sa3.
tp Totaling percentages.
xdLyl eordinates for PLOT in pie chart.
x2,y2 Derived from xl,yl to print category codes.
z Input control.
3 8 2z Integer used in printing bar chart.
= 30 a

The "spread.BJ" basic program for compiling with TIMACHINE

After Key-in make sure that it works.

Load ard initialize a

printer port code, then type RUN, and enter "P" for planned

8000 REN !LEN $<=32
8005 REM ! LPRINE
8010 REM ! LIST
8020 REM !USR 58400
8030 REN ! OPEN #
8040 Go TO #270
8050
8060
8070
8080
8090 IF i =CHR$ 46 THEN LET id=L
EN u$-j

8100 NEXT j

8110 LET x§=SIR$ (SGN num* (INI (
ABS num*10®id+.55) ))

8120 LET xd=LEN x$-id

8130 FOR j=0 TO -xd

8420 LET e=PEEK (itm+1)

8430 LeT EK (i+m+2)

8440 LET c=PEEK (i+m+3)

8450 LET b=PEEK (itm+4)

8460 GO SUB 8630

8470 GO SUB 8050

8480 IF INKEYS=CHRS 13 THEN GO T

0 8620

8490 IF cat=19 AND (iS="Q" OR i$

="B") THEN LET numl=num: GO TO 8

750

8500 LET tot=tot+num

8510 POKE 23692,-1: LPRINI x$;

9520 NEXT m

8530 IF ig="P" OR i$="A" THEN LE

T num=tot: GO SUB 8050: LPRINT "
x8

UPDATE July 1988

Programming
8610
8620
8630 IF a<>0 THEN GO TO 8680
8640

8650 LET num=256*ctd
8660 IF e=255 THEN LET num=num-6
5536

8670 GO TO 8730

8680 LET exp=a~128

8690 LET sign=-1

8700 IF e<128 THEN LET sign=1: L
BT e=et128

8710 LET mant=e/256+d/65536+c/16
7772 16+b/4294967296

8720 LET num=sign* 2°exp*mant
8730 LET x$=STR$ num
8740 RETURN

8140" LET -x$="0"+xS—

8150 NEXT 3

8160 LET xd=LEN x$-id

8170 IF id>O THEN LET x$=x$( TO
xd)+"."+x$(xd+1 TO )

8180 FOR j=1 TO il-LEN x$

8190 LET x$=CHR$ 32+x$

8200 NEXT 3

8210 RETURN

8220 RESTORE 8250

8230 DIM t$(19,10): FOR i=l TOL
9: READ t$(i): NEXT i

8240 RETURN

8250>DATA "CAPITAL", "CLOTHING" ,”
DENTAL", "ELECTRIC" ,"GAS" ,"GIETS"
"GROCERIES" , "HOUSING" , "INSURANC
EB", "LEISURE" , "LIQUOR" , "MEDICAL",
"MISC.", "PERSONAL" ,"PHONE" , "PROP
= TAXES", "TRANSPORT" , "VACATION"
8260 DATA "TOTALS>>"

8270 GO SUB 8220: LET uS="##e#ed
.##"s OUD 127,15: POKE 23658,8:
INPUT "Select Spreadsheet..."'"P
=Planned A=Actuals"'"Q=Plann
ed YTD B=Actuals YTD"; LINE i$
8280 LET tflag=0

8290 PRINE #0; "CALCULATING/PRINT
ING SPREADSHEET[ ENTER ]=STOP"
8300 LET num0=0

8310 LERIND ("PLANNED" AND i$="P
")+("ACTUALS" AND i$="A")+("PLAN
NED YTD" AND i$="Q")+("ACTUALS Y
TD" AND i$="B")

8320 IF i$="P" OR i$="A" THEN LP

RINT " JAN FEB
MAR APR MAY
JUN JUL AUG SEP
or Nov DEC Tv
OTAL"

8330 IF i$="Q" OR i$="B" THEN LP
RINT " JAN FEB
MAR APR MAY
JUN JUL AUG SEP

ocr NOV DEC"

8340>IF i$="P" THEN LET first=50
534: LET last=51613: REM a( )
8350 IF i$="Q" THEN LET first=54
044: LET last=55123: REM t( )
8360 i THEN LET first=51
614: LET last=52693: REM e( )
8370 IF i THEN LET first=55
124: LET last=56203: REM u( )
9380
8390 FOR i=first TO last STEP 60
8400 LPRINE t$(cat)7: LET tot='
FOR m=0 TO 55 STEP 5

8410 LET a=PEEK (itm)

8550 IF tflag THEN RETURN

8560 LET cat=cattl

8570 NEXT i

8580 LET tflag=1

8590 IF i$="A" OR i$="B" THEN LE
T i=57314: REN 2( )

8600 IF i$="P" OR i$="Q" THEN LE
T i=53804: REM o( )

*Q" GR i$="B" THEN LP
"

LINE Notes

8050 variable is IL
8070 j=one to IL

8750 LET tflag=1

8760 LET nunO=numl+numd

8770 LET num=nund

8780 GO SUB 8050: GO TO 8510
8790 REM ! CLOSE #

9000 CLEAR : RANDOMIZE USR 100:
SAVE "spread.BJ": LIST

8110 the © symbol is my printers EXP (sym shf H) arcow

8180 j=one to IL
8230 FOR I=one to nineteen

8300 is a zero~ any variable O would be in lower case,

8380 LET cat=one
8400 is zeroes

8420 I+Mtone

8490 variable is one
8510 minus one

8560 cattone

8580 tflag=one

8640 is just the line number with one space after

8700 sign=one

8720 the © is my printers EXP (sym shift H) accow

8750 t£lag=one

8760 the variable is NUMzero.

LINE~ FREE CHBCK

8600=36539

9000=36057

After making sure that the Check

Sun is right, change the last
line to suit your DOS syntax.
Then COMPILE with TIMACHINE.

Count the © as having a slash

GHECK SUM to help verify your
key-in accuracy.

NEWED computer that has FREE
Memory of 38652 bytes.

Figures given are what you must
get with PRINT FREE after the
line number has been entered,

Start with a

<CLEAR> before <PRINI FREE>.

39

"BUDGET.B1" for Aerco FD-68 DoS
Start line is 20.

20 LET base=64500: IF PEEK bas
e024 THEN OUT 244,1: CAT "Cel
ear.bin",: CAT "Cprcode.bin",

30 GO TO 60

40 OUT 244,1: MOVE "budgetCY.b
in" ,32000,25923

60 ON ERR RESET : LET base=64

: RANDOMIZE USR (base+2): P
" BUDGET INPU
y ;!'TAB 7;"1> Bud
get [Set-Up]"! "TAB 7;"2> Budget
"TAB 7; "3> Budget [SAV—
"4> Budget [re-Start
> PRINE Spreadsheet
on Wide Printer"! "TA
B7;"6> Disk [Menu]""'"
=Select Option:
130 PAUSE 0: LET k=CODE INKEYS-
48: IF k¢l OR k>6 THEN GO TO 1
30
155 IF k=6 THEN OUP 244,1: CAT

HEN GO TO 40

190 IF k=4 AND PEEK 37166=205 T
HEN RANDOMIZE USR (base+2): CL
$ : LPRINT : ON ERR GO TO 60:
RANDOMIZE USR 37166: GO TO 60
195 IF k=5 AND PEEK 32000=205 T
HEN RANDOMIZE USR base: CLS :
POKE (base+4),131: LPRINI : OUT
244,1: CAT "spreadCJ.bin",: ON
ERR GO TO 60: RANDOMIZE USR 5
8400: POKE 23658,0: GO TO 60
210 GO TO 60

220 RANDOMIZE USR (base+2): IF
PEEK 32000<>205 THEN OUT 244,1
: CAT "budgetGI.bin",

230 RANDOMIZE USR 32000
240 GO 10 60

250 RANDOMIZE USR (base+2
244,1: CAT "budgetCY.bin",: ON
ERR GO TO 60: RANDOMIZE USR 3
7166

260 GO TO 60

310 OUF 244,1: MOVE "BudgetBl.b
as",20: GO TO 60

350 RANCOMIZE USR base: CLS : I
NPUE "Enter line width: ";1l: P
OKE (base+4),11-1: BEEP .5,12:
INPUT "Does printer need a line
<b Yes - <2> No ";lfs
THEN POKE (base+S) ,10
360 CLS : PRINT AT 10,2;"Ready
for Centronics printer"! "TAB
"To resume BUDGET, <GO TO 20>
STOP

SEE FOOT NOTES under the Aerco
FD-68 Disk Menu program listing.

"Disk Menu" for Aerco FD-68 DOS
Start line is 10

10 INK 3: BORDER O: PAPER 0: C

20 FOR n=0 TO 31: PRINT AT 2,n
:#";aT 20,n7"*"s NEXT n: FOR n
=3 TO 19: PRINT AT n,0;"*";AT n
131;"*": NEXT nz INK 7

30 PRINE AT 4,7;"The Disk Mana
gec";AT 7,5;"1> Load Your Budge
AT 9,5;"2> Load Spread Sheet

AT 11,5;"3> EXIT Budget To BA
sic" ;AT 12,8;"(£or printing]";A
T 14,5;"4> Save this Budget Dat

UPDATE July 1988
Programming

"Disk Menu” for Larken DOS
Start Line is 10

10 INK 3: BORDER 0: PAPER 0: C

20 FOR n=0 TO 31: PRINT AT 3,n
s"*" AT 21,n¢"*": NEXT nz FOR 1
=3 TO 21: PRIND AT n,0;"*";aT n
231;"*": NEXT nz INK 7

30 PRINT AT 5,7;"The Disk Mana

5;"1> Load Your Budge
2> Load Spread Sheet
"3> Load Printer Code
"jAT 12,8;"To Print Centronics"
AT 14,5;"4> Save this Budget’ D

a" ;AT_16,5;"5>-Go_to Main Menu" _______ata";AT_16,5;"5>-Go-to-Main-Men—

AT 18,5;"6> Re-Set Computer”

40 PAUSE 0: LET aa=CODE INKEY$
48: IF aa<l OR aa>6 THEN GOT
0 30

60 OUT 244,1: IF aa=1 THEN CA
T "budgetCy.bin",: GO TO 10

70 IF aa=2 TEEN CAT “spreadcd
-bin",: GO TO 10

80 IF aa=6 THEN OUT 244,0: RA
NDOMIZE USR 0

90 IF aa=4 THEN MOVE "budgetC
Y.bin” ,32000,25923: GO TO 10

100 IF aa=5 THEN CAT "BudgetBl
sbas",

110 IF aa=3 THEN CLS : OUT 244
yl: CAT "Cpreade.bin",: INPUD "
Select:

1> For TS-2040 -- <2> Centroni
cs";p: IF p=l THEN RANDOMIZE U
SR 64502: STOP

120 IF p=2 THEN RANDOMIZE USR
64500: INPUT "Enter Line width
"sw: POKE 64504,(w-1): INPUT "E
nter ""0"" for no Line Feed or

""10"" for Line Feed ";
£: POKE 64505,£: LPRINT ': PRIN
T AT 10,2;"Ready to LPRINI"''TA
B 2;"To resume BUDGET, type <RU
ND": STOP

130 GO TO 10

Foolf Notes: This Disk Menu and
the Aerco Budget Loader have a
relocatable Aerco printer cade
as given in Jack Dohany's
RALOADER program. The code is
located at 64500,867. The top
67 bytes are reserved for VARS
that need to be preserved from
one Basic program to another.
POKE the vars starting at 65300
before a new program is loaded
or before a new VAL program is
Joaded. Then PEEK the vars
back after the LOAD.

Both this Menu and the BUDGET
Loader have a Stand By printer
code initialization routine

to use when you need to put the
Budget progran on stand-by to
do some direct printing.

40

u";AT 18,5;"6> EXIT Budget Prog
ram"

40 PAUSE 0: LET aa=CODE INKEY$
748: IF aa<1 OR aa>6 THEN GOT
45 IF aa=6 THEN RANDOMIZE USR

50 RANDOMIZE USR 100: OPEN #4,

PRINE #4: LOA
D "budget . CY" CODE

70 IF aa=2 THEN
D "spread. GJ" CODE

80 IF aa=3 THEN
20

90 IF aa=4 THEN PRINT #4: SAV
E "budget .CY"CODE 32000,25923
100 IF aa=5 THEN PRINT #4: LOA

PRINE #4: LOA

cLs : GOTO]

120 CLS : PRINT AT 10,5;"Please
Stand by . . .": LET base=6400
Os PRINT #4: LOAD "Cclear.Cl"CO
DE : PRINT #4: LOAD "prcode.Cl
CODE : RANDOMIZE USR base: POKE
26703,205: POKE 26704,251: POK
& 64451,254: POKE 64457,0: POKE
64458,0: CLS : INPUT "Line Wid
he" POKE 64459,w-1: TNPUT
"Printer need Line feed?

<I> yes or <2> No ";]lf: IF 1f
=1 THEN POKE 64460,10

130 IF 1£=2 THEN POKE 64460,0
140 IF 1£<1 OR 1£>2 THEN GO TO
120

150 LPRINT : CLS ; PRINE AT 10,
"READY to PRINE"!'TAB 5; "When
finished, type <RUN>.": STOP

can
4
af the
SWGFE-D

RVACATION

"BUDGET.B1" for Larken DOS
Starting Line is 60.
30 GO TO 60

40 RANDOMIZE USR 100: SAVE "bu {*

dget.CY"CODE 32000,25923
60 ON ERR RESET : CLOSE #2:
Ur 127,18: POKE 23703,0: POKE 2
6704, BORDER 0: PAPER INK
7: CLS : PRINT AT 4,0,
BUDGET INPUI/OUTPUT=:
65 REM RANDOMIZE USR 100: CLO

°

73-2040 Stb ses

SANSOME IID.

UPDATE July 1988
Programming

“BUDGET.B1" for the Oliger DOS
Starting Line is 60

10 REM ****BUDGET LOADER****

20 REM ** See Cclear ** LOAD /
"Cclear"CODE

30 GO TO 60

40 SAVE /"budget.CY"CODE 32000
725923

60 ON ERR RESET : CLOSE #2: BO
RDER 0: PAPER O: INK

65 REM CLOSE #3
70 PRINT '" 1> Budget [set up

" 2> Budget [load]"
" 3> Budget [save]"
" 4> Budget [restart

SB #3
70 PRINT '" 1> Budget [set up
80 PRINE " 2> Budget [load]"
90 PRINT " 3> Budget [save]
100 PRINT " 4> Budget [restart
105 PRINT '" 5> Print Spreadsh |
eets""" on Wide Printer"
_110 PRINT '"
115 PRINT *"
120 PRINT '
tions=:
130 PAUSE 0

140 LET k$=INKEYS

150 IF k$<"0" OR k$:
© TO 150

160 If k$="1" THEN GO TO 220

170 IF k$="2" THEN ON ERR GO
‘TO 60: GO SUB 250

180 IF k$: AND PEEK 32000=20
5 THEN GO TO 40

185 IF k$="7" THEN ON ERR GO
TO 186: RANDOMIZE USR 100: LOAD

"taswi.Cx"CODE : RANDOMIZE USR

64300: PRINT CHR$ 3;: PRINT US
R 100: PRINT "help.cr"

186 IF kS="7" THEN ON ERR RES
ET : POKE 23607,60: PRINT #1; F
LASH 1;"(ENTER]": PAUSE 0: GO T
0 60

190 IF k$="4" AND PEEK 37166=20
5 THEN ON ERR GO TO 60: RANDO
MIZE USR 37166

195 IF k$="5" AND PEEK 32000=20
5 THEN CLS : RANDOMIZE USR 100
: LOAD “prcode.C1"CODE : POKE 2
6703,205: POKE 26704,251: POKE
64459, 131: POXE 64451,254: POKE

64460,0: POKE 64456,1: POKE 64
458,0: POKE 64457,0: PRINT #4:
LOAD "spread. GJ"CODE : RANDOMIZ
E USR 58400: GO TO 60

200 IF k$="6" THEN RANDOMIZE U
SR 100: LOAD "Menu.BI"

210 GO TO 60

220 RANDOMIZE USR 100: LOAD "bu
dget.c3"CODE

230 RANDOMIZE USR 32000

240 GO TO 60

250 RANDOMIZE USR 100: LOAD "bu
dget..CY"CODE

260 RANDOMIZE USR 37166

270 GO TO 60

310 RANDOMIZE USR 100: SAVE "bu
dget.B1" LINE 60: REM ** Direc
t SAVE of this Basic Program

320 STOP

350 RANDOMIZE USR 100: LOAD "pr
code.Cl"CODE : POKE 26703,205:
POKE 26704,251: POKE 64459,131:

POKE 64451, 254: POKE 64460,0:
POKE 64456,1: POKE 64458,0: POK
E 64457,0: CLS : INPUT "Line Wi
dth?";11: POKE 64459,11-1: LPRI
NI: STOP : REM ** To enable Ce
ntronics Printer.

ABCDEFSHIORLMNOPOR

Disk Menu for Oliger DOS
Start Line is 10.

10 INK 3: BORDER 0: PAPER 0: C
Ls

20 FOR n=O TO 31: PRIN AT 2,n
;"*";aT 20,n;"": NEXT n:
: PRIND AT n,0;"*";AT n,3
NEXT nz INK 7

30 PRINT AT 4,7;"The Disk Mana
ger";AT 7,5;"1> Load Your Budget
";AT 9,5;"2> Load Spread Sheet";
AT 11,5;"3> EXIT Budget To BASIC
";aT 13,5;"4> Save this Budget D
ata";AT 15,5;"5> Go to Main Menu

40 PAUSE 0: LET aa=CODE [NKEYS
-48: IF aa<l OR aa>6 THEN GO TO
30

60 IF aa=] THEN LOAD /"budget.
cy"CODE

70 IF aa=2 THEN LOAD /"spread.
CI" COLE,

80 IF aa=3 THEN CLEAR 65535: C
LEAR 65367: LOAD /"DOSDEX MGR"

90 IF aa=4 THEN SAVE /"budget.
CY"CODE 32000,25923

100 If aa=5 THEN LOAD /"BUDGET.
BI"

110 GO TO 10

Foot notes

Upon finishing with the BUDGET
program, a selection of <3> will
boot in the DOSDEX MGR program
for selection of another Basic
program to load (assuming that
the either this same disk has
the DOSDEX MGR progcam. If not
then you can install a disk that
dees.

"> Print Spreadsh
on Wide Printer"

110 PRINT '* 6> Disk Menu"

120 PRINT ' Select op
tion:
130 PAUSE 0

140 LET k$=INKEYS

150 IF k$<"0" OR k$>"6" THEN GO

180 IF k$="3" AND PEEK 32000=20
5 THEN GO TO 40

190 IF k$="4" AND PEEK 37166=20
5 THEN ON ERR GO TO 60: RANDOMIZ
E USR 37166

195 IF k$="5" AND PEEK 32000=20
5 THEN CLS : LET /p=o: POKE 2332
4,0: POKE 23323,132: LOAD /"spre
ad.GJ"CODE : RANDOMIZE USR 58400
+ GO TO 60

200 IF k$="6" THEN LOAD /"Menu.
Bl"

210 GO TO 60

220 LOAD /"budget . GJ"CODE

230 RANDOMIZE USR 32000

240 GO TO 60

250 LOAD /"budget .CJ"CODE

260 RANDOMIZE USR 37166

270 GO TO 60

310 SAVE /"budget.B1" LINE 330
320 GO TO 60

Foot Note: There are two code
budget programs. One is
budget.CJ and has no data.
budget.cY is created (line 40)
when you save your first data
program,

Selecting <4> will clear out
the data of an existing program
and start over.

<GO TO 310> will SAVE a back up
of this basic loader.

41

“BUDGET.B3" Alternate Loader for
"MAX DOS" (Stacked Larken and
Oliger Dos

Starting Line=330

10 REM ****BUDGET LOADER****

20 CLEAR 31999

30 GO TO 60

40 SAVE /"budget.C¥"CODE 32000
725923

60 ON ERR RESET : LET /p=o: CL
OSE #2: REM ** OPTION FOR STACKE
D Dos

61 REM ** OUT 127,18: POKE 237
03,0: PORE 26704,5: REM * FOR AE
RCO CODE

63 ON ERR RESET : BORDER 0: PA

INK 7: CLS : PRINT aT 4,0

“BUDGET INPUL/OUTPUD=:

65 REM RANDOMIZE USR 100: CLOS

EB #3

70 PRING '" 1> Budget [set up
}"

80 PRINT " 2> Budget [load]"

90 PRINT “ 3> Budget [save]"
100 PRIN " 4> Budget [restart
*

105 PRINT '" 5> Print Spreadsh
eets""" on Wide Printer"

110 PRINT '" 6> Disk Menu"

115 PRINT '" 7> HELP!"

120 PRINT ''": =Select op
tion==

130 PAUSE 0

140 LET k$=INKEYS

150 IF k$<"0" GR k$>"7" THEN GO
TO 150

THEN GO TO 220
2" THEN ON ERR GO TO
60: GO SUB 250

180 IF k$="3" AND PEEK 32000=20
5 THEN GO TO 290

185 IF kS: THEN ON ERR GO TO
186: CLS : RANDOMIZE USR 100: L
CAD "taswi.Cx"CODE : RANDOMIZE U
SR 64300: PRINT CHRS 37: PRIND U
SR 100: PRINT “help.Cr"

186 IF k$="7" THEN ON ERR RESET
: POKE 23607,60: PRINT #1; FLAS
H 1;"[ENTER]": PAUSE 0: GO TO 60
190 IF k$="4" AND PEEK 37166=20
5 THEN ON ERR GO TO 60: RANDOMIZ
E USR 37166

195 IF k$="5" AND PEEK 32000=20
5 THEN CLS : LET /P=O: RANDOMIZE
USR 100: OPEN #4,"DD": POXE 233
23,132: PRINT #4: LOAD “spread.C
J"CODE :; RANDOMIZE USR 58400: GO
TO 60: REM ** For Stacked DOS
196 REM for Aerco code~ IF k$="
5" AND PEEK 32000=205 THEN CLS :
RANDOMIZE USR 100: OPEN #4,"DD"
+ LOAD "preode.C2"CODE : POKE 26
703,5: POKE 26704,251: POKE 6425
9,131: PRINT #4: LOAD "spread.CJ
"QODE : RANDOMIZE USR 58400: GO
TO 60

200 IF k$="6" THEN RANDOMIZE US
R 100: LOAD "Menu.B1" 42

Cont

” syntax,

UPDATE July 1988

BUDGET. B3 Programming

An Interesting Productivity Program for MAX DOS

Are you ready for this? Well, some day you will be. This
is a Budget Loader program to be used with "MAX DOS", Larken and
Oliger DOS "stacked". Tt works like a charm at UPDATE. Now
this will repeat some of the information contained in the
article "MAX DOS", but will serve as an example of a useful
program. The senario is: Larken LK cartridge in the Dock port
and the full Oliger DOS in place. RGB is via the Oliger
hardware. Printer support is via the Oliger SAFE DOS. LET/p=t
enables the TS-2040 printer, or LET/p=o enables the Centronics
printer. Maximum line width is controlled via POKE 23323,width.

Note line 330, which is the Auto Run Line. Both Oliger and
Larken DOS are initialized in this line. <LET/d=1> assigns disk
#1 to the Oliger DOS. <PRINT #4: GO TO 0> assigns disk zero to
the Larken DOS. From then on, the disk syntax used results in

—-automa tie—switching—of-the-disk-drives_as-needed.—-This-allows.

1.6 mgbts of disk space under direct program control (two 80
track drives). Other combos of drives are acceptable. As
programmed, disk "PROGRAM" SAVE and LOADs are to the LARKEN disk
in disk zero, and Disk "DATA" saves and LOADS are to the Oliger
Disk in drive #1. But this can easily be changed as desired.
The convertable line numbers are: 40, 185, 196, 200, 220, 250,
310, and 335. All you need do is change the LOAD SAVE syntax
and the right drive will be auto selected.

Note lines 40 and 250, which uses the Oliger SAVE and LOAD
of the BUDGET DATA. When these lines execute, the drive is
switched to drive #1. All other LOADS and SAVES use LARKEN DOS
which switches to drive #0. A gocd operating practice
with MAX DOS is to use one DOS format for PROGRAMS and the other
for DATA. The drives are switched automatically. MAX DOS
allows the user to FORMAT Oliger disks directly or to load the
Larken tool kit disk to FORMAT Larken Disks. Disks may be
prepared for other users who operate with either of the two
single DOS, Larken or Oliger.

There are two separate operating protocols. Normally one
would think of the "stacked DOS" as mostly having to do with
operations to amd from the disk drive. Actually the most
significant advantages of MAX DOS are the "cumulative" Extra
Basic functions which can be used without regard to which disk
format is being used. During operation one does not pay any
attention to “which disk is being used", as this does not
matter. One just uses the programming syntax to do the function
needed. In this program, menu option <7> HELP, results in the
exercise of a Larken function which brings up a “disk file to
screen" for viewing. Tt is the "taswi.Cx"CODE file, which
happens to be a TASWIDE 64 Colum "Help File", which is printed
to screen.

Other Extra Basic functions of either DOS are "at home" in
the MAX DOS environment. Programs that contain "mixed" DOS
syntax are acceptable for whichever disk format will be used for
SAVE or LOAD. The Oliger "Fast FOR counter" is at home ina
Larken Disk program, and the Oliger Printer Driver works as well
in a Larken formt as it does in a Oliger Format. A single
drive can be used as easily as one normally does with either
DOS. Program prompting to "install Larken Disk or Oliger Disk"
before a disk command would be appropriate for single drive
systems, but not necessary with a two drive system.

Since the two EPROMS of Oliger and LARKEN DOS operate in
different expansion banks, the extra basic functions that they
contain can be expanded. These groups of new functions are
additions to the TS-2068 ROM, but are different in concept, ie,
they are "whole routines of productive functions", rather than
"loops to support the TS-2068 Basic". The extra basic functions
add substantial computing power to the TS-2068.

210 Go TO 60

220 RANDOMIZE USR 100: LOAD "bu
dget.CJ"CODE

230 RANDOMIZE USR 32000

240 GO TO 60

250 LOAD /"budget .C¥"CODE

260 RANDOMIZE USR 37166

270 GO TO 60

280 STOP

290 GO TO 40

300 GO TO 60

310 RANDOMIZE USR 100: SAVE "BU
DGET.B1" LINE 330

320 STOP

330 LET /p=o: LET /d=1: RANDOMI
ZE USR 100: OPEN #4,"dd' PRINT
#4: GO TO 0: REM ** Initializes
Dual DOS, Larken disk in drive 0
, Oliger in drive 1, TS-2040 pri
nting

331 REM ** RANDOMIZE USR 100: L

—OAD-"preode.€2"CODE-+-REM aerco-

preode

333 REM RANDOMIZE USR 100: OPEN
8B, "Ip"

335 RANDOMIZE USR 100: LOAD "sp
read. CI"CODE

340 POKE 23658 ,0

350 GO TO 10

400 CLEAR 29000: RANDOMIZE USR
102: GO TO 330

SL 4a

sr

100 PRINT_".4>_Budget_{restart—

Alternate BUDGET.B1( LAdaew)

By Bob Mitchell. Includes the
Taswide Help File option, and a
different Aerco prcode handler.

10 REM ****BUDGET LOADER****

20 CLEAR 31999

30 GO TO 60

40 RANDOMIZE USR 100: SAVE "bu
dget.CY"CODE 32000,25923

60 ON ERR RESET : CLOSE #2: QU
T 127,18: POKE 23703,0: POKE 267
04,5:: BORDER 0: PAPER 0: INK 7:

CLS : PRINT AT 4,
ET INPUL/OUIPUT=:

65 REM RANDOMIZE USR 100: CLOS

E #3
70 PRINT '" 1> Budget [set up
}" :
80 PRINE " 2> Bixiget [load]"
90 PRINT " 3> Budget [save]"

ND '" 5> Print Spreadsh

on Wide Printer"
6> Disk Menu"
7> HELP!"

110 PRINT '"
115 PRINT
120 PRINT
tion
130 PAUSE 0

140 LET k$=INKEYS

150 IF k$<"0" CR k$>"7" THEN GO
TO 150

160 IF k$="1" THEN GO TO 220
170 IF k$="2" THEN ON ERR GO TO
60: GO SUB 250

180 IF k$="3" AND PEEK 32000=20
5 THEN GO TO 290

185 IF k$="7" THEN ON ERR GO TO

186: CLS : RANDOMIZE USR 100: L
OAD "taswi.Cx"CODE : RANDOMIZE U
SR 64300: PRINT CHRS$ 3;: PRINT U
SR 100: PRINT "help.cr"

186 IF k$="7" THEN ON ERR RESET
: POKE 23607,60: PRINT #1; FLAS
H 1;"(ENTER]": PAUSE 0: GO TO 60
190 IF k$="4" AND PEEK 37166=20
5 THEN ON ERR GO TO 60: RANDONIZ
E USR 37166

195 IF k$="5" AND PEEK 32000=20
5 THEN CLS : RANDOMIZE USR 100:
LOAD “prcode.Cl"CODE : POKE 2670
3,5: PORE 26704,251: POKE 64259,
131: PRIND #4: LOAD "spread.cJ"C
ODE : RANDOMIZE USR 58400: GO TO
60

200 IF k$="6" THEN RANDOMIZE US
R 100: LOAD "Menu.B1"

210 GO TO 60

220 RANDOMIZE USR 100: LOAD "bi

230 RANDOMIZE USR 32000

240 GO TO 60

250 RANDOMIZE USR 100: LOAD "bu
dget.. cy"CODE

260 RANDOMIZE USR 37166

270 GO TO 60

280 STOP

290 GO TO 40

300 GO TO 60

310 RANDOMIZE USR 100: SAVE "BU
DGET.B1" LINE 330

320 STOP

330 RANDOMIZE USR 100: LOAD “pr
code.C1"CODE : REM aerco preode
333 REM RANDOMIZE USR 100: OPEN
#3,"1p"

335 RANDOMIZE USR 100: LOAD "sp
read. CJ"CODE

340 POKE 23658,0

350 GO TO 10

400 CLEAR 29000: RANDOMIZE USR
102: GO TO 330

The Aerco precede, and possible Problems

There are at least four versions of the Aerco printer code,

and each of these may have three variations of configurations
set up during the user's adaptation to his own printer
equipment. The Budget program LOADER, and the two programs
“MS-TAS" and "BRIEF" may not print right with your equipment and
with the Aerco preode programming (POKES) given in the program
listings. But try it anyway. My Epson compatable printer and
my Queme compatabke Daisy printer both work well with the code
used in the Budget, INIT, and BRIEF programs. Hopefully, yours
will also. If not, then use the code tha you normally use with
the these three programs, and change the POKES in the listings
to that which you normlly use successfully with your other

rograms.
sis UPDATE July 1988

4 3 Programming

8970 REM
** TS-2068 UPDATE **
~MS-TAS-

A utility to PEEK and PRINT
TTASWORD and MSCRIPT Code Data
files from Disk or Cassette.

* Does not require the soft-
ware to be loaded.

8972 LET x=9610: LET y=9600: CLO
SE #2: BORDER PAPER 0: INK 7:
CLS : PRINT '''TAB 8;"TS-2068 U
PDATE"'''"* Utility to PEEK and

Print out MSCRIPT and TASWORD Da
ta Files from Disk."''"* Does n
ot require Word Proc to be loade
d."''"™* DOES Require;"''"l. Aerc

UPDATE July 1988
MS-TAS Documentation Programming

A Tutor in Basic Programming Techniques

This is one of them utilities designed for a job at hand.
Friends used to send me letters on cassette or disk and I was
kinda like the poor guy who coulcn't read writing. I'd have to
fake it ard call them to discuss what they'd said, because the
data file was in Code files. Mostly these files were either
Mscript or Tasword files. Both are good word procesors, but
that didn't matter as I dont use either and it was Greek to me!
I use Smart Text which saves data in Character arrays.

So, that sets the senario. Then when Bob Mitchell sent me
10 pages of Tasword code files, that did it! "MS-TAS" was the
result. Now take time out to look at Bob's documentation in
this issue. All of it was printed out with this utility MS-TAS,
without a word processor. ‘The print product was gocd enough
that all I had to do Was run it through the copier. "MS-TAS"
grabs Code files out of Disk (or Cassette) and prints them to
paper. This particular program works with LARKEN DOS, OLIGER

______--9-er-Oliger Printer Int fe —to-b—----BOS; —AERCO--FD-68, —or — CASSETTE. _~ And—it—works-with either —————_

e installed."''"2, Centronics Pr
inter -ON~ READY"'''"SET BQUIPME
NI, THEN ENTER": PAUSE 0: CLS
8974 PRINT AT 10,2;"Set Printer
ON and READY"'TAB 2;"Then [ENTER
J": PAUSE 0: CLS

8976 PRINT AT 10,12;"Selec
TAB 5;"<1> TS-2040 Printer
5;"<2> Centronics Printer": GO
SUB y: LET pr=z: IF pr=] THEN GO
TO 8980

8978 CLS : PRINT AT 10,1;"Does P
rinter need a Line Feed?:
4;"<1> Yes ~ or - <2> No“: GS
UB y: CLS : LET lf=z

8980 PRIN AT 10,2;"Input DOS or
Cassette"! 'TAB 5;"<1> Cassette”
''TAB 5;"<2> Oliger DOS"' "TAB 5;
"<3> Larken DOS"''TAB 5;"<4> Aer
co FD-68 DOS": GO SUB x: LET tm=
z: IF z<1 OR z>4 THEN GO TO 8980
8982 GO SUB (tm=1)*9200+(tm=2)*9
360+ ( tm=3)*9310+( tm=4)*9300

8984 IF tm=1 AND pr=1 THEN GO TO
9000

8996 GO SUB (tm=2)*9325+(tm=3)*9
330+ (tm=4)*9320

9000 LET Lc=l: INPUT "Input Pile
Starting Address ";sa: INPUT "I
nput File Byte length “;bL: INPU

T "Format Line Length? ";LL

9002 IF tm=2 THEN POKE 23323,LL
9004 IF tm>2 THEN POKE 64458,LL-
1

9006 CLS : OPEN #2,"p'
TO satbL STEP LL
9008 FOR y=n TO n+LL-1

9010 LET c=PEEK y

9012 IF c=13 THEN PRINT '

9014 PRINT CHR$ c;

9016 NEXT y

9018 IF tm>2 THEN PRINT

9020 LET Le=Le+l: IF Lo>55 THEN
PRINT : CLOSE #2: LET Le=1: OUT
127,12: BEEP PI/oj,ol: CLS : PRI
NI AT 0j,0d;"Adjust Page, then E

FOR n=sa

NTER": BEEP PI/Oj,ol: PAUSE 0: C
LS : OPEN #2,"p"
3030 NEXT n

oo cear 4k

CENTRONICS or TS-2040 printer.

I'll now donate MS-TAS to public domain so that the Clubs
can have at it. (Would be nice if Credits were mentioned). Now
since MS-TAS will work with WHATEVER configuration one has, we
will use MS-TAS as this issue's Programming Tutor. You Lads and
Lassies who dont need no tutoring can just start keying in and
skip the prose.

MS-TAS looks like a lot of programming, but it trims down
to a few lines when the extra stuff for other Disk Systems and
Cassette is eliminated. The plan is to use menus to make you
create variables to pin down your equipment types (artificial
intelligence). Then Sub Routines are used for Cassette, for
Larken Disk, for Oliger Disk, for Aerco FD-68 Disk, for
Centronics Printer, or for TS-2040 printer.

Once your equipment is identified, then a disk catalog will
be given. A prompt for INPUT of a CODE FILE NAME will be
presented at the bottom of the Catalog. Then, while the cat is
still visable, other prompts ask for Code Start address, and
byte length. Any "friend" who sends you Code data will tell you
these two essential bits of information. But if using the
Oliger V2-52, the info will be on screen, The last prompt will
be for LINE LENGTH for printing. The disk Code File will then
LOAD, and begin printing. If the line length input isn't right,
the print out wont lock so good, and you'll have to stop and
start over with the right line length that you figured out fron
the wasted page.

If you BREAK during printing, you'll need to <<CLOSE# 2>>,
because if you dont, any PRINT or LIST will print to paper
instead of the screen. Since all variables are identified
within the program lines, you can repeatedly use RUN to start
the program. The program remains in memory while the Code files
are printing, so you can print out one code file after another
until everything has been printed. Now thats the way the
program operates. We will now investigate the programming.

8972 and 8974 sets the vars used for sub-routine <GO TO> or
<GO SUB>, then the screen colors, then gives information.

8976 begins the artificial intelligence gathering by
assigning var “pr” to the type of printer in use. pr=l for
TS-2040 or pr=2 for Centronics.

8978 gathers more intelligence and assigns var "lf". lf=1
if your printer needs a line feed, else 1f=2. Might mention Che
<GO SUB y>. "y" was set to =9600 in line 8972. Look at line y
(9600). This is a INKEY$ routine which waits for a key to be
touched and then assigns that key to variable "z". Note the
"-48" which makes z=the numbered key struck. AND, there isa

9035>PRINE : CLOSE 42

9040 PRINT AL 10,6;"<1> for Next
File"! 'TAB 6;"<2> To QUIT": INP
UL "Choice?";a: IF a<l OR a>2 TH
EN GO TO 9040

9045 IF a=2 THEN STOP

9050 GO TO 8996

9200 PRINT AT 10,2;"Advance Tape
to Index spot,"""TAB 2; "Then [E
NTER]": PAUSE 0: CLS : PRINT AT
15,6;"CODE LOADING": CLS : RETUR

N

9300 OUT 244,1: CAT "preode.bin"
1: GO SUB 9350: RETURN

9310 RANDOMIZE USR 100: OPEN #4,
"dd": PRINT #4: LOAD "prcode.Cl"
CODE : GO SUB 9340: GO SUB 9350:
RETURN

9320 OUT 244,1: CAT ""

9370: CAT _"z$",: RETURN __

9325 CAT : GO SUB 9370: LOAD /z$
CODE : RETURN

9330 RANDOMIZE USR LOO: OPEN #4,
"da": PRINT #4: CAT "",: GO SUB
9370: LOAD z$CODE : RETURN
9340 INPUT "Input Line width
w: RETURN

9350 POKE 23703,205: POCKE 23704,
251: POKE 64451,254; POKE 64456,
1: POKE 64457,0: POKE 64459,Lw-1
: POKE 64460,0: POKE 64458,(10 A
ND L£>1)+(0 AND LE<2): LPRINT :
RETURN

9360 LET /p=o: GO SUB 9340: POKE
23323,Lw: POKE 23324,(0 AND Lf>
1)#(10 AND 1£¢2): LPRINT : RETUR
N

9370 INPUL "ENTER TITLE of CODE
to LOAD [everything between
Quotes] “;2$3 RETURN

9600 PAUSE 0: LET z=CODE INKEY$-
48: IF 2<1 OR z>2 THEN GO TO 960

0

9602 RETURN

9610: PAUSE 0: LET z=CODE INKEYS
48: RETURN

-Ms-TAS-
Abbreviated for Oliger DOS

8990 CLOSE #2: BORDER 0: PAPER 0
: INK 7: CLS ; PRINT '''TAB 8;"T
$-2068 UP-DATE"'''"* Utility to
PEEX and Print out MSCRIPT and T
ASWORD Data Files from Disk."'"
"* Does not require Word Proc to
be loaded."''"* DOES Require;"'
'™], Aerco or Oliger Printer int
fe to be installed.""''"2. Cent
ronics Printer -ON~ READY"'''"SE
T EQUIPMENT, THEN ENTER": PAUSE
QO: CLS
£

UPDATE July 1988
Programming

________actually four IF THEN conditionals. 1']

45

trap here which refuses to accept any key except "1" or "2".
Also note the RETURN at line 9602. Subroutines such as this one
<<GO SUB y>> are used repeatedly fron any line in a program,
thus saving many program lines.

8980 gathers some more intelligence, this time "what kind
of DOS?" Variable "tm" is set accordingly. Example- if Oliger
Disk then tm=2.

Now the "program knows" everything about your TS-2068
system! The variables are set so that the right sub-routines
can be called for Oliger Disk, Larken Disk, Aerco FD, or
Cassette. And for Centronics or TS-2040, And for giving or not
giving a line feed. All of that only took a few seconds and
we're now ready for some action.

8982 Here's the first action. We use BOOLEAN logic to
determine which GO SUB routine
"tm" is the variable’ set back at line 8980.

to use to CAT the directory.
The logic is

you can visualize the others. <GO SUB
tm=1 THEN GO SUB 9200>. Next, IF tm=2 THEN GO SUB 9360,

Lets look at 9360, That is the Oliger DOS syntax to
initialize the Centronics printer. Then there a <GO SUB 9340>
which is to INPUT line width. This same subroutine (9340) is
used with whichever DOS elected. After this we are back at
9360), the line width is POKED. The LPRINI is to return the
printer carriage. Then we RETURN to line 8984.

8994 diverts to line 9000 "if using cassette and TS-2040"

8996 is another BOOLEAN logic having three possible routes
for the GO SUB. We will take one route. If tm=3 then Larken
DOS has been elected back at line 8980, so the <GO SUB 9330>
will execute. At line 9330 we see the Larken syntax for CAT.
The Catalog is put onscreen. Then there isa <GO SUB 9370>.
Follow that and we find a dual use prompt to INPUT the "title of
the Code program to load". Then its back to 9330 again where
the Larken LOAD is accomplished. Now we have the code file that
we want to print out loaded. The RETURN puts us back to line
9000.

9000 At this time the Catalog is still on screen, The Code
file has been loaded. The program asks for INPUT of "starting
address" and then "byte Length" of the code file. Any "friend"
who sends text in code will tell us that. But if using the
Oliger catalog, it will show this information. Next, we need to
INPUT the Format line length. Guess at 64 if you dont know.

9002 here we poke the line length to the Oliger control
address, and at line 9004 we poke the line length-one to the
Aerco prcode control address.

9006 here we <OPEN# 2,"p"> to send PRINT to the printer
instead of to the screen. Then we start the counter "n" to
count from "Code Start address" to "satbyte length", in STEPs of

the line length.

9008 Now we start counter "y" to count from "n" to the end
of the line which will be "n+tll-1".

9010 here we PEEK the code file at the "y" address, and
assign the Code of the peeked character to var "c".

9012 mscript uses ENTER to skip a line. ENTER is code 13.
So here we cause a line feed each time code 13 is peeked from

the code file.

9014 here the PEEKED character is printed, one at a time,
as the y counter counts. Note the ";" which avoids a carriage
return and keeps the next print position on the same line.

9016 next y gets the next peeked character until y counts

UPDATE July 1988
Programming

9000 LET /p=o: POKE 23324,0: LET
lo=1: LPRINT : CAT : INPUT "Inp

ut Disk File Name";z$: INPUT "In

put File Starting Address";sa: I

NPUT "Input File Byte Length" ;bl

3 INPUL "Format Line Length";1l:
POKE 23323,11: LOAD /z$CODE : 0

PEN #2,"P": FOR n=sa TO satbl ST

EP 1l

9005 FOR y=n TO n+l1-1

9010 LET c=PEEK y

9015 IF c=13 THEN PRINT '

9020 PRINT CHRS c;

9025 NEXT y: LET le=ictl: IF lo>

55 THEN PRINT : CLOSE #2: LET le

=1: OUT 127,12: BEEP 1,20: CLS :
PRIND "Adjust Page, THEN ENTER"
: PAUSE 0: OPEN #2,"P"

9030-NEXT- aS _ -——

up to the line length, upon which time line 9018 will execute.

9018 if tm>2 then we are using the Aerco printer code for

rken or Aerco DOS. The PRINF is to account for a built in
glitch in the Aerco prcode.

9020 var 1c is the line counter. Ic is incremented. If 1c
reaches 56 then a page end is directed. CLOSE# 2 allows a
prompt to be put on screen. Line count is put back to one, <OUT
127,12> causes the printer to feed the form to the next page
beginning. The prompt is give to adjust the page (single sheet
printer). | Then when ENTER is touched <OPEN# 2,"p" puts PRINT
back to the printer.

9030 next n gets the next line of characters PEEKED from
the Code file.

9035 will only execute after all of the characters in the
code file has been peeked and printed. We're finished. So we
‘CLOSE# 2, and give options on screen,

9035 CLOSE #2

9040 PRINT ''"<1> For next file"
""<2> To Quit": INPUT "Choice?
"ja: IF a¢l OR a>2 THEN GO TO 90
40

9045 IF a=2 THEN STOP

9050 GO TO 9000

"INIT.BAS" for Aerco FD-68 DOS

9900 INK 7: PAPER 0: BORDER 0: C
LS : LET base=6450(
rINT ( (base~1)/256
,(base~PEEK 2373 1* 256-1
44,1: CAT "Cclear.bin",: CAT "C
proode.BIN",: CLS

9910 CLS : PRINT AT 3,5;"Printer
Status is:
9920 PRIN TAB 2;"Printer in use
is: ";: IF PEEK (base+803)>2 T

HEN PRINT "NOT SEI"

9922 IF PEEK (base+803)=1 THEN
PRINT "TS-2040"

9924 IF PEEK (base+803)=0 THEN
PRINT "Centronics"

9926 PRIND ''TAB 2;"Line Width i
s: ";PEEK (base+4)+1

''TAB 2;"Line Feed Sw

: IF PEEK (baset5)=1
O THEN PRINT "~ON-"

9931 IF PEEK (base+5)=0 THEN PR
INT "-OFF-'

9933 PRINC ''TAB 5;"Your Choice?
“ TAB 5;"1> RESET PARAMETERS"!
'TAB 5;"2> Leave AS IS": INPUT
"Choice? ";b: IF b<l CR b>2 THE
N GO TO 9933

9934 IF b=2 AND PEEK (base+803)=
1 THEN RANDOMIZE USR (base+2):
GO TO 9995

9935 IF b=2 AND PEEK (base+803)=
O THEN RANDOMIZE USR base: GO

TO 9995

9936 CLS : PRINT AT 10,2;"SELECT
:"" "TAB 2;"<1> Centronics, or"!
"TAB 2;"<2> TS-204 INPUT a:
LET asa~l: IF a>l THEN GO TO 9
937

9050 if we elected to get the next file, the whole process
starts over, but without the intel ligence gathering. The
Catalog is gotten to load in the next code file to print.

8982 somehow I skipped part of the action of this line for
the Aerco FD-68 and Larken DOS. If either of these are in use,
then the Aerco preode is needed for Centronics printing. If
"tm=3" (Larken DOS) then the GO SUB is to line 9310 to LOAD and
initialize the Aerco preode. But if the Aerco FD-68 is in use,
the GO SUB is to line 9300 to load and initialize the Aerco
proode. If the Oliger DOS is in use there is no need to loada
code table, as the printer code is contained in the SAFE EPROM.

While printing, you may BREAK and stop the printing. When
you do that do a <CLOSE# 2> in order to re-direct PRINT to the
screen. This will be when you elect a line length that is
different from that formatted by the author of the Code data.
You can determine the correct line length to input by looking at
the aborted print out. Then just type <RUN ENTER>. Print out
is fairly fast, as fast as my daisy wheel printer can print.
But it wont be as fast as a dot matrix printer can print in the
draft (fast) mode.

ae

9938 POKE (base+803),a: IF a=l T
HEN RANDOMIZE USR (base+2): GO
TO 9995

9942 CLS : PRINT AT 10,0;"Does P
rinter need a LINE FEED with
each Carriage Return?"'''"<1> ¥
es ~ QR - <2> NO"

9943 PAUSE 0: LET a=(CODE INKEYS
-49): IF a<O0 OR a>1 THEN GO TO
9943

9944 POKE (base+5),(NOT a)*10: P
OKE (base+805) , (NOT a+10)

9960 CLS : PRINT AT 10,0;")
sired Printer line length:
PUT “Input line length: ";1l: I
F 11>255 THEN GO TO 9960

9964 POKE (base+4),l1-1: POKE (b
ase+804) ,11-1

9968 CLS : GO TO 9910

9995 CLS : PRINT "Copy these imp
ortant notes:"'"'"1, Always init
ialize the var ‘base"" in
your programs- ie, <LET base

=64500>."''"2, The Prcode does
not work until it is TUR
NED ON, by: <RANDOMIZE USR
base>. This is for Centro

46

nics Printers."''"IT should be
TURNED ON before doing any PO
KES."''"3, For TS-2040 use, <RA
NDOMIZE USR, (base+2)."''"4
. There are 64 bytes ABOVE this
Code, (base+804 to 867) that
can be used for hiding Vars
that need to be carried fo
rth to a new BASIC program."'
'"The UDG area 65368-65535 is 1
eftintact."''"5. To turn ON lin
e feed, <POKE (base+5) , 10>"
"6. To Turn OFF LINE FEED, <P
OKE {base+5),0"
9996 PRINT ''"7. To set printer
Width, <POKE (base+4)
763> for 64 chr lines. (width
minus 1)"''"g, To TURN ON prin
ter code, <RANDOMIZE USR
base>"''"9, To Turn OFF printe
x code, <RANDOMIZE USR (b
ase+2) > ie, to use TS-20
40 printer"''"10, This code is

saved at 64500, 867. You ma
y use the RALOADER pg
m (Jack Dohany) to RE-LOCA

TE the code"''"ENTER when Ready

Peet he Page

9997 PAUSE 0: CLS : PRINT AT 6,0
?"The Printer driver code IS no
w initialized."''"NEXT, a CAT
will be done with a prompt t
o load a program."''"During ope
ration, if the code is overw
itten, you may re-load this pro
gram to re-set it into memory.
"t "ENTER WHEN ready. PAUSE 0
3 CLS

9998 IF a$<>"" THEN OUT 244,1:
car "",: INPUT "Enter a Title t
© LOAD (all bet- ween quotes)";
a$: CAT "aS",

9999 DELETE 9900,

www

"INIT", Larken DOS, Aerco prcode

9997 CLEAR 64455: LET PRINTORG=6
4461: POKE 26704,INC (PRINECRG/
256): POKE 26703 ,PRINDORG-(INT
(PRINTORG/256) )*256: POKE 64456
,l: POKE 64458,0: POKE 64457,0:
POKE 64459,79: BORDER 0: PAPER
0: INK 7: CLS : RANDOMIZE USR
100: OPEN #4,"dd": PRINT #4: LO
AD "proode.Cl"CODE 64456, 1111:
CLS : BEEP PI/PI,PI*PI: INPUT "
INPUT LINE WIDTH LIMIT" ;Lws POK
E 64459,Lw-1: BEEP PI/PI ,PI*PI:
“Install PROGRAM
DISK, ENTER": PAUSE 0: CLS : R
ANDOMIZE USR 100: OPEN #4," =
PRING #4: CAT "",: INPUT
t Title of Basic Program, ""[
All Between Quotes]"" "za$

9998 IF a$<>"" THEN PRINT #4: L

OAD a$
9999 DELETE 9997,
me

"INIT" for Oliger [OS

9980 CLEAR 65535: CLEAR 65367: B
ORDER 0: PAPER 0: INK 7: CLS
9982 INK 5: FOR n=0 TO 31: PRINT
AT 6,n;"*";AT 16,n;"*": NEXT ns
INK 7: PRINT AT 9,7;"PRINTER SE
T-UP";AT 12,7; FLASH 1;"TYPE of
PRINPER": INPUT "<1> Centronics,
or <2> TS-2040";pr
9988 IF pr=2 THEN LET /p=t: GOT
0 9994
9990 LET /p=o: PRIND AT 12,7; FL
ASH 1;"SET LINE LENGTH": INPUT "
Line Length? ";ll: POKE 23323,11
= PRINT AT 12,7;"Printer Need Li
ne Feed?": INPUT "INPUT: <l> Yes
1f: POKE 23324,(10
): CLS
'DOSDEX MGR"

9994 FLASH 0: LOAD /'

Tn —

UPDATE July 1988
Programming

Utilities "INIT" and "Cclear Code"

"INIT" utilities for the three Disk

Operating Systems are slightly different. Each
listing may be used to pick up another little twist

for another DOS.

The Larken INIT uses the prcode as

is supplied by Aerco on cassette for the Aerco

printer

interface.

INIT for the Aerco FD-68 DOS

uses the prcode as supplied on disk by Aerco and
modified to be re-locatable by Jack Dohany in his

program RALOADER.
RALOADER call or write Jack.

For the latest improvements in
His address appears in

the January UPDATE under "TS-2068 Suppliers". Both

"TNTT"

47.

and "Cclear Code"
issue's editorial pages.

are explained in this

SOFTWARE REVIEW
BY Tex Faucette

MONEY MACHINE II (T/S 2068)
ABBA Software Productions

Does Vanna know about Banna? And in these
days of intensive search for true Artificial
Intelligence there arises an even more
important question: Is Banna aware of Vanna?

Stay tuned for the next exciting episode of
this digital drama!

Vanna stars in a letter-turning role on what
is probably the most popular game show on
todays boob-tube. While viewing times may be
different for the various "market areas", a
few of us lucky ones may even be able to
observe this shapely lady twice daily!

For those unfortunate ones who are able to
observe Vanna infrequently or not at all,
but are nevertheless equipped with a 1/8
2068, there remains the option of MONEY
MACHINE II, This option not only permits
discretionary observation of Miss Banna
Brite (as shapely an assembly of pixels as
one could wish for), but also permits one to
compete in the actual game! Winnings are of
course inaginary, but with Banna turning the
letters, who cares?

MONEY MACHINE II has perforned flawlessly in
several critical tests including exposure +o
unsupervised grandkids and their cronies.
If there is a tougher test for 2068 software
it has eecaped my attention. Full set of
instructions for playing the game are
included. Auxillary tapes containing
additional word puzzles are available, also
a "Master Puzzle Maker" program for
do-it-yourself enhancements.

MONEY MACHINE IIT is available on casette
from Herb Bowers, Sr., 2588 Woodshire
Circle, Chesapeake, VA 23323. Current price
is listed as $12.00 (US), a bargain you
shouldn't miss.

"PEEK VARS" Utility

9000 REM ** PEEK VARS **
9002 BORDER 0: PAPER 0: INK 7: C

Ls

9004 PRINT "The BASIC Program Le
ngth is "(PEEK 23627+256*PE
EK 23628-1)-(PEEK 23635+256* PEEK
23636) ;" Bytes"''

9006 PRINT "Systems Variables:"'
’

9008 PRINT "ERR SP=";PEEK 23613+
256*PEEK 23614'"LIST SP=";PEEK 2
3615+256*PEEK 23616'"NEWPPC=";PE
EK 23618+256*PEEK 2369'"NSPPC=";
PEEK 23620'"VARS=";PEEK 23627+25
6*PEEK 23628'"PROG=";PEEK 23635+
256*PEEK 23636'"E LINE=";PEEK 23
__6414256*PEEK 23642
9010 PRINT "WORKSP=";PEEK 23649+
256*PEEK 23650'"SIKBOT=";PEEK 23
651+256*PEEK 23652'"STKEND=";PEE
K 23653+256*PEEK 23654'"S TOP=";
PEEK 23660+256*PEEK 23661'"UDG="
;PEEK 23675+256*PEEK 23676' "MEMB
OT=";PEEK 23698+256*PEEK 23699
9018 PRINT “RAMTOP=";PEEK 23730+
256*PEEK 23731'"P-RAMI=";PEEK 23
732+256*PEEK 23733'"MSTBOI=";PEE
K 23744+256*PEEK 23745
9025 PRINT ''"For a VARS area Pr
int out, Key <CONT ENTER>":
STOP:
9035 FOR n=(PEEK 23627+256*PEEK
23628) TO (PEEK 23641+256*PEEK 2
3642-1)
9040 PRINT n;"=";PEEK n: NEXT n
9050 STOP.

news Panic WP ~~ as asqag TH Epo

Slide Swe

Cempon ey?
Side &
obi gEh GFK
Ran

See Tex

ia
Januae
Up-DATE

UPDATE July 1988
Programming

“Addendum To AaTiclE /1

Janangy Up DATE =
“Dock BANK MEMoky , 2OC ENTS

The "PEEK VARS” Utility

The PEEK VARS utility is designed to be MERGED to a Basic
program either under construction, or one that is being
modi fied. Use it as a "dangling sub-routine" to be consulted
when facts about the System Variables are needed. <<GO TO
g000>> gets a Screen print of the System Variables that may be
needed for program analysis. Then after the System Vars are
known, <<QONT ENTER>> screen prints the whole Variable Storage
are of memory, disassembled by memory address and character code
(in decimal).

Type <<CLEAR>> before SAVING the utility to Disk, and do
not use a Auto RUN line. The utility is exactly 111) bytes in
length. Keep this off-set figure in mind to extrapolate the
ACTUAL System VARS when the utility is deleted. These MOVING
system vars are VARS and E LINE. Note that the only variable
used in the PEEK VARS utility is "counter n". The use of "n" as

——a~—counting~-variable —wiii—extend-—the -TOP-of -VARS-and E LINE

exactly 19 bytes-- "IF n has not been initialized in the main
program". However, if n IS used in the main program, then the
PEEK VARS utility will have no affect at all upon the SIZE of
the vars file.

Note that the n counter in line 9035 counts from "VARS to E
LINE minus one", which encompasses the current Vars File in
memory. If a Counter n has not been used in the main program,
then EDIT and make the count "TO E LINE+18" in order to account
for the 19 bytes within the vars file that is costed by
initializing the n counter. If you CLEAR and RUN the utility,
then CONT ENTER to print the Vars File, the print out will be in
error by 19 bytes. This is because Counter n had not been
initialized when the System Vars was printed, A <GO TO 9000>
will then print an accurate set of vars. You may add more PEEKS
before line 9025 to get the status of the various FLAGS. A
study of the TS-2068 User Manual, Appendix C and D, may help.

STicK These Two Sw sTehes Meus, He GK:
Slide $ui7

Washer *S

old TS dge Connectoa
To FT 7 _OhzZeR

T5- 2008 Edge Cosge TR
Slot, 1 pitk up ROSCS
(22624 Ass These )

48

The JULY/APRIL Issue Disk

Consolodated into ONE

The July and April Issue Diskettes have been consolodated
into one giant assemblage of programs and utilities.
consolodation was necessary because the Budget program, by Bob

Mitchell,

was split between the two issues.

The

I have not ever

seen such a combined useful and educational works presented in a

computer magazine.

The combined April/July Issue Disk packs in

a virtual plethora of programs and utilities, almost filling a

40 track diskette.

_40 or 80 track.

The April/July issue disk is available in
all three DOS formats, Oliger DOS, Larken DOS, and Aerco FD-68
DOS, and are recorded on 5 1/4 inch Double Side Double Density,

The sales proceeds of Issue Disks are shared between UPDATE
and the Authors in a diabolic scheme designed for both to become
rich quickly at the expense of the Subscribers.
$8.00 from each disk sale for the tiny amount of work to

assemble the programs

disk and mailing.

sharing
Slickingheimer,

ORDERING:

the remaining $8.00.

Issue Disk.

BUDGET, Bl
Menu.BL
budget.CJ
spread. CT
budget.BJ
spread. BJ
BRIEF.B1
MS-TAS.B1
PEEK VARS
budget. CY
SEARCH
FILE_DEX
MARK-MOVE
VERI_DISK
Chopin
Btls

Mart.
Spell

UPDATE takes

in three disk formats, plus cost of the

The (already rich) Authors make a killing
The accounting firm, Sly,
and Dolittle, assists UPDATE in disbursing the
huge profits to the authors and helping us to evade taxes.
requires us to hold quarterly business meetings in Monaco aboard
the consortium's 300'

Yacht.

This

Send $16.00 (check or M/O) for the April/July
Please specify for WHICH DOS (Oliger, Larken, or
Aerco FD-68), and for which type of Disk Drive (40 or 80 track).
A Catalog of the disk is given below.

TYPE CYLS SIZE START

BYTES
BASIC
BASIC
BASIC
BASIC
BYTES
BYTES
BASIC
BASIC
BASIC
BASIC
BASIC
BYTES
BASIC
BASIC
BASIC
BASIC
BASIC
BASIC
BASIC
BASIC

WNWNHE EHH OEE NEUE OAE EEN

1826
6007
87
986
702
25923
3904
24554
2855
5445
924
196
25923
4978
4962
2092
4496
7584
14780
7674
7411

63417

Ohm's Law BASIC

Multiply BASIC
Type Style BASIC
Piano BASIC
budgetD BYTES
bujE.Cl = BYTES
bujJb.CI BYTES
bujJs.CT BYTES
help.cr BYTES
bujJ3.CI BYTES
bujJx.CI BYTES
OLI-MS-TAS BASIC
OLI CODE BASIC
pred BYTES
Cclear BYTES
Super MS-T BASIC
REM BASIC
file dex BASIC
ky C ARR
Ll MCLOAD BASIC
INIT.BI BASIC
ms—tas BASIC

TOTAL FILES: 43

HEHEHE BREEN BPE EEO PEN BERN

1257
6038
2055
4747
652
17642
8320
2048
3968
11200
2944
1512
1841
256
5367
3060
3815
1118
3565
712
543
3045

9980
8972

The OCTOBER and JANUARY Issue Disks
Now available for All Disk Operating Systems

The OCTOBER 87 and JANUARY 88 Issue disks are now available
for three Disk Operating Systems; Oliger DOS, Larken DOS, and
Aerco FD-68 DOS. Both October and January Disks contain a major
software plus several useful utilities making their value at
least twice the price. See the diskette Catalogs below.

ORDERING: Sent $16.00 Check or money order for the disk of
your choice. Please specify for which DOS, and whether for 40
or 80 track drive.

The October Issue Disk The January Issue Disk

JLO SAFE V2.52 1988, J. Oliger

JLO SAFE V2.52 1988, J. Oliger

DISK NAME: OCT UPDATE DISK NAME: U/D JAN 88
FORMATTED @80 TRACKS, 2 SIDE(S) FORMATTED @40 TRACKS, 2 SIDE(S)
CAPACITY: 159 CYLS/795K BYTES CAPACITY: 79 CYLS/395K BYTES
FREE: 132 CYLS/660K BYTES FREE: 70 CYLS/350K BYTES
FILENAME TYPE CYLS SIZE START FILENAME TYPE CYLS SIZE START
SDOS MMRG BASIC 3 12180 2061 DISK MGR BASIC 2 5988 2
Mail Merge BASIC 2 10099 2061 Purity BASIC 1 4512 152
J-UTIL BASIC 2 9441 9800 LIST LOOK BASIC 1 2259 2
ALLEGRO BASIC 1 1576 1 DOSDEX BASIC 1 5057 2
pseudo BASIC 1 1805 5 mterm2. BASIC 1 2756
pseu VRBLS 1 564 PROG BASIC 1 955 9999
PRT USING BASIC 1 1373 10 prog BASIC 1 955
PROMPTS BASIC 1 1066 90 PGM-MOVE BASIC 1 1709 10
MENAGERIE BASIC 1 4671 2070
PTR STATUS BASIC 1 684 1 TOTAL FILES: 8
fm BYTES 2 6912 16384
mL BYTES 2 6912 16384
pg BYTES 2 6912 16384
cpr BYTES 2 6912 16384
fo BYTES 2 6912 16384
mg VRBLS 1 612
LEADER BASIC 1 1766 150

BASIC 1 4485 152

TOTAL FILES: 18
50

OLIGER 2068 DISK SYSTEM PRICES AND BASIC INFORMATION

fede tetetetetatete pete tate te te tetete tate te te tate de be tete te te te tote te tata te te tote te
DISK BOARD "A"
Bare pc only: $17.95pp
Kit of board with parts: $55.95pp
Assembled & tested: $66.95pp

Two drive data cable for above, 3 foot long total: $16.95pp

Four drive data cable for above, 4 foot long total: $26.95pp
WD1770PH-00 disk controller chip: $19.95pp (spare or replacement-limit 1 per order)
abide te tedote tabs tote tate detatedote tate te tate tate tata tote tote te tote tote tote toto dete

DISK BOARD "B" W/NMI SAVE
Bare pc with JLO SAFE Disc Basic eprom: $26.95pp
Kit of board with parts: $45.95pp
Assembled & tested: $63.95pp
nba dete te debate te tate te tite te ti tate tete te te tide tatoo tote toto te tate toto tete tate tote
PACKAGE OF BOTH DISK BOARDS “AY & "B" W/NMI SAVE
Bare pcs only with JLO SAFE Disk Basic eprom: $43.95pp
Kit of both boards with parts: $73, 95pe
Both boards assembled & tested: $127.95pp

Both boards, assembled & tested w/2-drive data cable: $139.95pp
The DiskWorks! Both bds assd w/2-drv data cable & assd 2068 Expansion Bd: $189. 95pp
wha te tate tote dade te toda te tote te bate te te tate toda te tate tate tote tete te te te tote te te te te

268 PARALLEL PRINTER PCRT Bare board w/cassette: $16.95 KIt of board w/parts:$24.95
Assenbied & tested: 530.95 Bare board w/cass (gold):$19.95 Gold board w/parts:$27.95
Assd & tosted (gold): $33.95 Printer cable fer this port:$14.95 (standard Appie 11 to Epson type,3ft.)

Port software cassette only: $6.95pp (Uso as alternate Aerco port driver!

This very small but very capable Centronics type printer port for your 2068 will drive ost any printer that has a
Centronics type parallel Interface, The port uses the same port and BUSY bit assignment used by the Aerco 268 printer
1/F, and thus Is compatable with the vast snount of 6B software that aipperts this Interface. This port Is fully
decoded end contains 8 "PRINTER READY" LED to show your printer's current status. Software on cassette Included with
thls port allows use of the standard LRINT and LLIST commands aid usa of AT, TAS, and *," the full width your printer
Is capable of. Also Included aro hi-res screen dumps (vie RAND USR cail) for the Okidata dot addressable graphic
printers, the Olivett! FR2500 ink Jet printer, the Geminl 10X printer, and the Gorilla Banana printer. An ASCII
screen dump of ASCII cheracters Is also Included for uso wIth ANY printer. Unlike most other 2068 printer driver
software, THIS software mainly resides In the 2040 printer buffer, using absolutely none of the ram normally used by

2068 EXPANS 10N_ BOARD Bare pe toard:$14.95
Assenbled and tested Oliger 2068 Expansion board $54.95.
Also aval lable with gold plated rear edge traces. Add $3.C0 por board to above prices for these. This compact (3 3/4"
* 4 3/8) expansion board Is designed to plug Into tho roar expansion connector of your 2068 computer. Atl of the 2088
boards from John Oliger Cox, except the 2068 User Cart board are designed to plug into this expansion board, (the
boards have malo odge traces, ond plug Into this board siniier to te way new boards are plucged Into the Apple
computer) so this oe is a must If you plan en adding more circuits to your 2068 with John Oliger Co. products. The
beard Includes one "spare" 20 pin Ic socket for a user circuit, a rear edge connector feedthrough for attaching the
2040 printer, modem, etc., and the nec. circultry for an ultra stable RGB monitor Interface. (NOTE: The use of the RGB
clreultry requires opening your 2068, cutting one trace, and Installing one jumper.) The board's purchase Includes
assembly Instructions and a schematic of the RGB Interface. The parts kit for this one Includes five precut & slotted
‘edge connectors, 2 le sockets, 1 THCO0 IC, and Ipe 47K Ohm 1/4W resistor.
ctitrtntetotetatitebetetetetetetotatabobetitetatettetatetibete tetetetetededatetetetedetetetetedetebetebete
2068 _EPROM_ PROGRAMMER Bare board: $12.95 Board ¥/pts (no eproms):$25.95
2068 Pomr esmbld & tstd:$33.95 Add $3.00 per board for gold plated edge traces.

This board adds the capability of programming 2764 & 27128 eprons to your 2068 system. This one Is a must for serious
use of the 2068 User Cart board. This board comes with complete documentation on {ts assembly, use, theory of
operation, tips, and detalls on replacing the Hone ron of the 2068 %/a 27128 eprom. This programmer requires the Yop
Power Supply (below, recommended) or a 4=22VDC regulated adjustable power supply

2068 USER CARTRIDGE BOARD Bare board:$11.95 (or 3531.95) Board w/parts (ex eprom):$15.95

pes boerd w/parts:$45-95 Assembled & tested: $20.95e2 or 3 for $59.95 post pd (no eprons)

Also aval lable w/gold piated edge traces. Add $3.00 per beard to above prices for these gens.

ATTN: Software Producers & Users Groups: Write for a quote on quantities of wpese or more.

This board Is designed to plug Into the cartridge port of the 2068 computer. The board can hold 2-2764 or 2-27120
eprons In any combination. It ailows the 2068 conputer owner, when used with the 2068 or $1000 progranmers, to. store
his own Basie programs in cartridge form for fast and easy access, Tho board's purchose Includes
Instructions, schematic, and instructions for Its use with Basic programs.

Yop POWER SUPPLY Bore board: $4449 Board: w/bé mounting pts:$9.95
Assenbied ad Tested, less transtormer:$15.95 (TS240 Printer's power pack nay ba used as substitute for transformer
with sultable connector}. This small single sided boerd provides 4.4, 21, end 25Y0C for use with eny programmer
offered by The John Ollger Co. This circuit Is designed to put as little stress on the eprom as possible durlag
programming ad Is reconmended for use with these programmers. The board Is suppiled with schematic, assembly
instructions, and use Instructions. Perts kit does NOT Include transformer or power cords/alligator clips.
mtetetetetetetetetebetebetetebetebetetetetetedetebeteteteretetatetntetetetetebetetetebetedadtetatetatetetebetate tate

THE JOHN OLIGER CO.
11601 Whidbey Dr.
Cumberlang, IN 46229,

Board w/parts: $43.95

a

w/voltmetor.

assembly

For detailed product list, write-

RRR KKH RRR ER RR RH HR HR RR KR OF

* THE 19798 MIDWEST REG TONSwL *
* TIMEX—-SINCLAIR CONFERENCE *
* Saturday & Sunday August 27 & 28, 1988 *

x eR KK

* hosted

* co-spo
Lem
* Bud
and
ee eH

Cleveland, Ohio
a a ee ee

by The Greater Cleveland Sinclair Users Group *

nsored by: Zebra Systems, Syncware News *
ke Software, Sharps Inc, Cuyahoga Valley Software
get Robotics, Indianapolis, CATS, SAF Michigan *
the SW Fennsylvania Users Groups

KER KR RRR RR RHR RR KH HH RR RH EH

Admission:

tthe eT

Suggested Ho
near I-9Q;

near I-713

near 1-488;

Airport;

Restaurants:

tee eet

LOCATION: BECK CENTER FOR THE ARTS —

(a community theatre/arts complex)

178@1 Detroit Avenue

Lakewood, Ohio (ist suburb W. of Cleveland)

#4,0@ each day, or

$7.00 for 2 days (includes Sat. night hospitality)
(exhibit table rentals include 2 admissions

Pr ee ee ee

tele:
Ramada Inn, 20375 Center Ridge Rd (US Rt 22)
Rocky River, Ohio 8@@-272-6232. Closest Hotel,

Red Roof Inn, 1-98 & Crocker Road, Westlake Oh.
802-848-7878

Days Inn, 4181 W i5@th, Cleveland 216-252-7708

Scottish Inn, 22115 Brookpark Road, Fairview Fark,
216-734-4500

Sheraton Hopkins Airport, 216-267-1580

There are many fine reasonably priced family
restaurants in the area. A list will be available.

Pe a a ee i is

Travel Routes:

Lakewood
Lake Eri
From I-9
Road, an
From I-9
Road, an
From 1-7

Ohio is the first suburb west of Cleveland along
e. Interstate access is via I-78.
@ in Lakewood, exit at the McKinley Ave or Warren

d head north to Detroit Ave, then west.
@ in Rocky River (next suburb west), exit at Detroit
d head east. Detroit Road is US Rt 4.

1, exit at W. 15@th St. and head north. W 150 will

become Warren Road. Continue north into Lakewood to Detroit

Ave. and
These ro

turn west.
mites are shown on the AAA Ohio map.

RRR KERR ERE ERR RE RH RR HR HK HOHE

Warning! Dont) start this one if you're sleepy.

Tt requires concentration. ~ed.

|
PEEKING AND POKINS ABOUD
by, Bob Mitchell
Will ile Ontario

he of the fun things about using the 182068 is the
ability to PEEK and PORE about in amongst the machine
code and particularly when using TIMACHINE.

This is the first in a series of articles I'11 write
for TS2068 Up-Date on this subject. Bouquets or
brick-bats are welcome!

FUSS ITI IOI IDIOT I III II IOI I III IID

For starters, let's look at a scenario using the
compiler Timachine. You have compiled a data file and
entered about 18000 bytes of data. ‘Then you decide you
wish you had built in a routine to print the data to
your big printer. It was only designed to print to the
2040 printer.

You have a choice: You can redesign the BASIC and
recompile in which case you have to re-enter all the
data (well, not really but I1'11 come back to that); or
you can PEEK out the data from the compiled code and
using a simple routine in BASIC send the data to the

big printer. |

once again, you will need the REM! LIST info which you
should have kept when you conpiled your program. Tf
you didn't do it at the time and you kept a copy of
your BASIC program then go through the motion of
Conpiling Lo get the runtime and variable lists and
addresses.

Find the start address, of the array or string
containing the data. Remenber the data really starts
two bytes further on. For argument's sake let's say
your array was d$(600,32) and let's say that the start
address listed was 40000 so that means that the data
starts at 40002. In your BASIC program assign this to
variable sl. By the way, don't forget that Timachine
limits arrays to two dimensions. Tough but that's the
way it is.

If all 600 subscripts are not full, then you should
know how many are used so far and this value should be
in some variable, say, n. Look for n in your variables
list and let's hope your made it an integer when you
compiled. Tf not the value will be in floating point
notation. All is not lost if it is but it gets more
difficult and I shall not go into that solution here.
Assuming the value is indeed in integer notation, then
n will be located at the address 33335 and the actual
value of n will be at jaddresses 33335 and 33336. Use
LET v= PEEK 33335 + 256 * PEEK 33336 in BASIC to get
this value.
|
Now build a FOR-NEXT loop to LPRIND the data to the
big printer. i

WANTED! Capture Alive.
Desparado last seen in Portland,
OR. Left no forwarding address.
Name: Syd Wyncoop, a Guru. Need
to contact to get UDATED. DONT
SHOOT, but contact UPDATE with
new location. We will
apprehend.

300 FOR k = sl TO sl+(vl * 32) STEP 32
305 FOR m = 0 TO 31

310 LPRINT CUR$ PEEK (k + m);

313 NEXT m

320 LPRINE

330 NEXT k

This will not be as fast as a compiled routine would
be, but it would be acceptable.

As I said above, you don't really have to re-enter all
the data after you have recompiled a program. Here's
how I did it.

1. Note the value of n (records entered so far).

2. SAVE the data in your original compiled program
by:
SAVE "prog.Cl"COLE start,len
where start is the array start address + 2
and len is the total length of the array
(600 * 32 = 19200).

3. Restart the TS2068 and
LOAD your newly recompiled program and make
sure it is initialized by cunning it
from the first entry point. ie, the first
REM ! OPEN #.
LOAD "prog. Cl" CODE, newstact.
where newstart is the new start address + 2
FOKE the value n into the correct address.

4. Proceed as you did in your earlier version.

On a different tack, here is a way to adapt the LPRINI
routine supplied with the Hacksel printer interface
hardware to the Spectrum. This works on my emulator
which is switched on by using OUr 244,3; whether it
works on a real Spectrum, I know not. This technique
should be adaptable for other CPI LPRINT routines.

1. Change two ROM CALLS in the LPRINE code:
CALL 0745h to CALL OC10 (at 65096 or FE48h)
CALL 2009h to CALL 1F54 (at 65117 or FESDh)
(eg, CD4507 becomes CD100C and you PORE the
decimal equivalents into the right places).

2. Now SAVE this and then CLEAR 64999 and LOAD
the revised code into Spectrum.

3. POKE 23749,0: PORE 23750, 254
(These are the locations in the Spectrum
Channel Info area corresponding to 26703
and 26704 in the TS2068.)

4. POKE 65535 with 1 or 0 as required to turn
the Sinclair character set off and the
ASCIT set on, and vice versa as instructed
in the instructions for LPRINI. In other
words, this requirement is the same for the
Spectrum and TS2068.

If you dont subscribe then
may your SCLD Chip get fried,
your tax return be audited, the
bank lose your deposit, and
someone use your credit card.

Bill Jones
Edi tor

IIIT ISIS OITSIIITNII III SIS ITT I STITT TRIO TTT IIIT IST IT SATO III III

IF YOU OWN A 2068, AND BUY A Z-@8--YOU WILL HAVE ENOUGH COMPUTER:
POWER TO RUN AZZ THE PROGRAMS NORMALLY USED..£ASILY
IF YOU NEED TO OWN A PORTABLE COMPUTER THAT HAS THE EASIEST WORD
PROCESSOR AND SPREADSHEET CAPABLE OF SERIOUS BUSINESS AND
PERSONAL APPLICATIONS$ THE Z-88 IS THE ONE!
1. WILL TALK 70 ANY COMPUTER SERIALLY...Italics
2. WILL PRINT TO ANY PRINTER.
3. NOISELESS TYPING IF NEEDED.

4. ADD UP TO 3 MEGABYTE MEMORY. «Underline
3. CAN REACH PRINTER GRAPHICS Superscript....e=mc™
6. MAKE YOUR OWN PROGRAMS Subscript. «Had

2. DIARY / CLOCK) CALENDAR) ALARM...........Bold-Italicn
8. DIFFERENT FONTS AVAILABLE +

9. USER DEFINED CODES ‘ 12

10. PORTAILE WEARS 4 DOUBLE AA BATTERIES!!! 0.000 eye eee ee CONDENSED
11.This page typed and printed by Z-88

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY} PAID FOR BY ME} DELIVERED BY UPS--UPON RECEIPT OF
*550 MONEY ORDER GR CLEARING OF CHECK MADE OUT TO MIKE FINK
SUGGESTED EXTRA OPTIONS: A. PARALLEL PRINTER CABLE 65

B. AC ADAPTER. + ceeccessee

MIKE FINK 355 W 39 8ST.
W.LY.CITY 10018-1404
212 495 6598

30020 O00 0B OI OTTO ON ORTISIIOII OASIS SINS T OSTA TOOT TOT TA

Editor's Notes Both Mike Fink and Sharp's Inc. are UPDATE subscribers.
Mike was so enthused about the new Sinclair 288 that he pulled out all stops to
become a 288 Dealer. Sharp's Inc. is also a dealer for the 288. This new Lap
Top computer is on its take off roll and will surely fly to high altitude.
UPDATE will report its progress.

Sharp’s, Inc.

Rt. 10, Box 459
Mechanicsville, VA 23111
(804) 746-1664 or 730-9697

QL Computer

S 1 2 9.” includes PSION s/w

We carry ALL hardware and software lines for the Sinclair QL. Compare our
| prices. VISA and MASTERCARD accepted (3 % surcharge).
WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG